问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 21. {{U}}Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect. When you try to answer a question that what if, you attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to use cause- and-effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college.{{/U}} For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel. In political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Reagan won the 1984 Presidential election. And in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens. 22. {{U}}Determining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain.{{/U}} For example, consider the following causal chain. Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect). A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23. {{U}}An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis.{{/U}} Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects. Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24. {{U}}This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause.{{/U}}

问答题Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学2006研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Let's go to the movies. B: I'll bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldn't drive ANY expensive car.

问答题61. In recent years Westerners have reassured themselves and irritated others by expounding the notion that the culture of the West is and ought to be the culture of the world. This conceit takes two forms. One is the Coca-colonization thesis. Its proponents claim that Western, and more specifically American, popular culture is enveloping the world: American food, clothing, pop music, movies, and consumer goods are more and more enthusiastically embraced by people on every continent. The other has to do with modernization. It claims not only that the West has led the world to modern society, but that as people in other civilizations modernize they also westernize, abandoning their traditional values, institutions, and customs and adopting those that prevail in the West. Both theses project the image of an emerging homogeneous, universally Western world--and both are to varying degrees misguided, arrogant, false, and dangerous. Advocates of the Coca-colonization thesis identify culture with the consumption of material goods. 62. The heart of a culture, however, involves language, religion, values, traditions, and customs. Drinking Coca-Cola does not make Russians think like Americans any more than eating sushi makes Americans think like Japanese. Throughout human history, fads and material goods have spread from one society to another without significantly altering the basic culture of the recipient society.Enthusiasms for various items of Chinese, Hindu, and other cultures have periodically swept the Western world, with no discernible lasting spillover. The argument that the spread of pop culture and consumer goods around the world represents the triumph of Western civilization depreciates the strength of other cultures while trivializing Western culture by identifying it with fatty foods, faded pants, and fizzy drinks. The essence of Western culture is the Magna Carta, not the Magna Mac. The modernization argument is intellectually more serious than the Coca-colonization thesis, but equally flawed. 63. The tremendous expansion of scientific and engineering knowledge that occurred in the nineteenth century allowed humans to control and shape their environment in unprecedented ways. Modernization involves industrialization; urbanization; increasing levels of literacy, education, wealth, and social mobilization; and more complex and diverse occupational structures. It is a revolutionary process comparable to the shift from primitive to civilized societies that began in the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, and the Indus about 5 000 B. C. 64.The attitudes, values, knowledge, and culture of people in a modern society differ greatly from those in a traditional society. As the first civilization to modernizer the West is the first to have fully acquired the culture of modernity. As other societies take on similar patterns of education, work, wealth, and class structure, the modernization argument runs, this Western culture will become the universal culture of the world.

问答题Directions: A report revealing the reduced role of the English test in China's college entrance examination has drawn much public attention. In some provinces, the English test score has been reduced from 150 to 100, and by 2020, the English test will be removed from China's college entrance exam, according to the Ministry of Education. The students will instead be allowed to take two exams a year and pick the best result for their college admission. What do you think of this test reform and what's the possible effect it may produce on our English teaching and learning? Write a composition of about 400 words to clarify your own points of view about this topic You should use your own ideas, knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument Write your answer on the answer sheet (30 points) Note: In the first part of your writing you should state clearly the thesis statement (i. e., your main argument), and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.

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问答题manned space program

问答题Directions:A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinabout150words.B.Youressayshouldcoveralltheinformationprovidedandmeettherequirementsbelow:(1)interpretthefollowinggraph.(2)possiblereasonsforthephenomenon.(3)yourcomments.

问答题Cantonese Opera

问答题北京2008年奥运会将对中国的经济产生很大影响。

问答题For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic of "Rumors on the Internet". You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:1．网络谣言时有发生。2．到底我们该怎么分辨?

问答题减少社会不平等现象

问答题(46) That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth-century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. (47)It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States: (48)while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940's, it was only after 1945—when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world—that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail." Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. (49) Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind." (50) Using mostly discarded wooden objects like broken pieces of furniture and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.

问答题Date: January 9, 2010 To: Percy Shelley, Vice President From: Li Ming, President Subject: Computer Training of the Staff

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问答题Directions: Recently your best friend Linda has been offered a full scholarship from Stanford University. Write a letter to Linda to congratulate her on her excellent performance in winning this scholarship. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题热带雨林被喻为地球之肺，其重要功能是生产二氧化碳和调节全球气候。由于当地居民人数和木材需求量的增加，雨林的面积在逐渐减少，直接威胁许多珍稀物种的生存。追求短期效益将导致长期的痛苦。保护生物多样性需要牺牲个人的利益。可惜的是相关国家政府并未达成共识。

问答题健康处方帮你走出“第三状态” 激烈的竞争，需要我们全力以赴面对各种各样的挑战。但长时间精力充沛地工作和生活并非易事。相反，许多人都有过情绪低落、容易疲劳、不愿意运动、失眠、头痛、注意力不集中的经历，有人甚至长期或经常出现这种情况，可到医院检查没事，出了医院依旧难受。医学上将这种介于健康和疾病之间的边缘状态称之为“灰色状态“或“第三状态”。医学专家们对这种现代人的“通病”进行了大量研究，并开出了一系列简便可行的健康处方。 均衡营养合理膳食 理想的食谱首先要保证营养均衡，像糖、蛋白质、脂类、矿物质、维生素等必须的营养物质在每天的膳食中一样也不能少。都市中有两种不良营养倾向，一是营养和热量过剩，另一种倾向是为了节食导致某些营养素和热量的不足。这两种倾向都足以引起“灰色状态”。每一个健康的成年人每天需要1500卡路里的能量，工作量大者则需要2000卡路里的热量，不断补充营养是保持精力充沛的前提。此外还应注意：脂肪类食物不可多食亦不可不食，因为某些脂类是大脑运转所必需的。缺乏脂类将影响思维；但是若食用过多，短期内会产生昏昏欲睡的感觉，长期则在体内堆积，形成脂肪。 维生素作用大 从事文字工作或经常操作电脑者容易眼肌疲劳、视力下降，维生素A对语预防视力减弱有一定效果，所以要多吃鱼肉、猪肝、韭菜、鳗鱼等富含维生素A的食物；经常呆在办公室里的人日晒机会少，容易缺乏维生素D，需多吃海鱼、鸡肝等富含维生素D的食物；当人承受巨大的心理压力时，所消耗的维生素c将显著增加，而维生素C是人体不可或缺的营养物质，应尽可能多吃新鲜蔬菜、水果等富含维生素C的食物。 让“心”放松 每个人的心理状态和精力充沛程度在一天中不断变化，有高峰也有低谷。大多数人在午后达到精力的高峰，但也不乏个人差异。你不妨连续记录自己一天的心理状态，觉醒程度、反应速度、和进行的活动，找出自己的精力变化曲线，然后合理安排每日的话动。 美国科学家的一项调查显示，心理建康是所有精力充沛、事业有成者的标志，人生活在社会上难免有这样那样的痛苦和烦恼，要想应付各种挑战，重要的是通过心理调节维持心理平衡。日光照射可以改变大脑中某些信号物质的含量，使人情绪高涨，愿意从事富有挑战的活动。持续、高强度、快节奏的生活难免令人难以承受，疲劳、头痛、失眠等不适接踵而至。这些信号提醒你机体已经超负荷运转，该进行调整与休息了。每天抽出一段时间静坐，完全放松全身的肌肉，去掉脑中的一切杂念，将意念集中于丹田穴，可以调整全身的脏器活动。 让大自然帮助你 远离喧嚣的都市，到森林里，空气中负离子浓度较高，不仅能调节神经系统，而且可以促进胃肠消化、加深肺部的呼吸，在体力、脑力、心理等各方面起到良好的调节作用。办公室内勤动 长时间坐位工作的人应该每隔1小时活动一下。可以作简单的保健操，也可以随便活动活动筋骨。虽然用时不多，却可有效防止由“静坐”生活方式导致的慢性疾病。 午后打盹事半功倍 现在国外一些公司规定职员必须午睡，以保证工作效率，午睡时间宜在半小时左右，关键是质量。睡时最好能平躺在床上或沙发上，将身体伸展开来。不要扒在桌上睡，这种体位容易使空气受限，颈项和腰部的肌肉紧张，醒后很不舒服，易发生慢性颈肩病。

问答题Love is a human constant; it is the interpretation of it that changes. The way that love has been expressed, its significance in daily life have never been immutable or constant.

问答题[centerstrongThe packing/strong/center] The function of packing mainly shows as follows : packing can be used to protect the goods and keep them as good and complete as they are shipped in the circulation field; packing makes it convenient for stoiing, taking care of, transporting, loading, unloading the goods;strong packing can prevent the goods from being stolen and damaged; reasonable packing can lessen shipping space and save freight. Marketing packing makes it convenient for consumers to select, carry, or use the goods. Marketing packing can also beautify the commodity, attract consumers, expand sales and increase the gains on foreign exchange. In addition to all those mentioned above, packing of the goods, in a sense,incarnates the level of a countrys economic construction, science and technology, culture and art, etc. In order to satisfy the rapid development of our foreign trade,we should grasp the latest achievement of packing science, do well in our export trade, and try to make our packing more scientific, economical, strong, merchantable, and pleasing to the eyes, and do our utmost to increase the foreign exchange eamings. So the following points should be complied with. We should greatly strengthen the research into packing materials, packing contains and packing methods, in which we should not only attach importance to many years experience in our packing work but also earnestly study the advanced experience of foreign countries, and start from the reality of our country to continuously improve our commodity packing work. We should carefully study the packing characteristics, developing tendency and relative packing regulations and decrees in intemational markets so as to make the packing of our export commodity adapted to marketing requirements and consumption habits. Especially we should pay close attention to the needs for our packaging decorations of the goods in foreign supermarkets, and the reasonable stipulations on packing of import countries , thus increasing our commodity sales. We should strengthen the study of the design for packaging decorations, improve packing techniques, blaze new trails, and continuously increase the artistic level of packing. We should realize the standardization of our exporting commodity packing and unification of materials, specifications, capacities, standards and sealing methods, only in this way can it be easy to measure,identify,load,unload and transport the goods, so as to promote the smooth fulfillment of business. On possible conditions, we should properly make acquisition of advanced technology from abroad to help produce the high level and advanced packing materials which we can not make by our technology process,in order to meet the requirements of the international market for high level packaging materials. Specifically speaking, we should study the packing from both protective and promotional aspects. This kind of product production needed in one market may differ from that needed elsewhere. A hot, humid climate probably requires a package different from that needed in a cooler, drier area. The kind of transportation and ways of handling the product can also dictate package differences. Stronger protection must be built into package if it will be subjected to bad roads, long distances and frequent or rough handling. Long and slow distribution channels also increase the demands on the package. If one market has a three-month cycle of production to final consumption and another market has a six-month cycle , the latter market probably will require a more durable and expensive package. This is especially true if the market with a slow distribution cycle also has bad transportation and other conditions punishing to packages, as is frequently the case. For the reason the poorer countries may require more expensive packaging in spite of their lower purchasing power. In addition to these conditions within the channel,the way the final buyer uses the product will also affect the package. If the buyer has a slow usage rate and lacks appropriate storage facilities,the demands on the package are increased. Promotional aspects of packaging, those attributes which help persuade channel members to handle the product and consumers to buy it, often vary among markets, too. Channel members want minimum breakage and theft , plus ease of handling. The retailer is concemed about shelf storage and display. A country with a large number of very small retail outlets may want a package different from the one desired by a country where self- service supermarkets are popular. Because of shopping habit and retail structure, most of the detergent sold in France , Germany , and Spain is packed in three-and-one-half kilogram round drum. Questions for reading :