问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}} Write an essay of 250 words on the ANSWER SHEET, discussing the influence that advertising has had on your life or the lives of your friends.{{/I}}

问答题 Researchers investigating brain size and mental ability say their work offers evidence that education protects the mind from the brain's physical deterioration. (46) {{U}}is known that the brain shrinks as the body ages, but the effects on mental ability are different from person to person.{{/U}} Interestingly, in a study of elderly men and women, those who had more education actually had more brain shrinkage. "That may seem like bad news," said study author Dr. Edward Coffey, a professor of psychiatry and of neurology at Henry Ford Health System in Detroit. (47) {{U}}However, he explained, the finding suggests that education allows people to withstand more brain tissue loss before their mental functioning begins to break down..{{/U}} The study, published in the July issue of Neurology, is the first to provide biological evidence to support a concept called the "reserve" hypothesis, according to the researchers. In recent years, investigators have developed the idea that people who are more educated have greater cognitive reserves to draw upon as the brain ages; in essence, they have more brain tissue to spare. (48) {{U}}Examining brain scans of 320 healthy men and women aged 66 to 90, researchers found that for each year of education the subjects had, there was greater shrinkage of the outer layer of the brain known as the cortex.{{/U}} Yet on tests of cognition and memory, all participants scored in the range indicating normal. "Everyone has some degree of brain shrinkage," Coffey said. "People lose (on average) 2.5 percent per decade starting in adulthood." There is, however, a "remarkable range" of shrinkage among people who show no signs of mental decline, Coffey noted. Overall health, he said, accounts for some differences in brain size. Alcohol or drug use, as well as medical conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure, contribute to brain tissue loss throughout adulthood. In the absence of such medical conditions, Coffey said, education level helps explain the range of brain shrinkage exhibited among the mentally-fit elderly. The more-educated can withstand greater loss. (49) {{U}}Coffey and colleagues gauged shrinkage of the cortex by measuring the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the brain. The greater the amount of fluid, the greater the cortical shrinkage.{{/U}} Controlling for the health factors that contribute to brain injury, the researchers found that education was related to the severity of brain shrinkage. For each year of education from first grade on, subjects had an average of 1.77 milliliters more cerebrospinal fluid around the brain. Just how education might affect brain cells is unknown. (50) {{U}}In their report, the researchers speculated that in people with more education, certain brain structures deeper than the cortex may stay intact to compensate for cortical shrinkage.{{/U}}

问答题The free thing does bother me. Not because I think good-quality content ought to exist only for those who can afford it but because, for my sons' generation, the knowledge that things are freely available to anyone with half a brain is combined with the most extraordinary sense of entitlement. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}As combinations go, it's a slightly alarming one: free stuff plus a complete lack of familiarity with the concept of hard work being necessary in order to achieve your ambitions{{/U}}. Add to this the fact that the economic situation means we are handing on a terrible financial burden to the younger generation and you don't have to be unusually imaginative to see that our children are likely to find themselves in a serious mess. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Those truths are more uncomfortable still when you relate them with the fact that the generation that's going to be picking up the pieces will have grown up not caring much for other people's ownership.{{/U}} You may not be losing any sleep over some big fat film company or some already super-rich band being robbed of astronomical amounts by young people who know their way round a keyboard. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Even though you may not find this universal theft morally upsetting, the fact is that what it teaches-that ownership is neither here nor there-has serious consequences once this generation is forced to deal with its parents' generation's economic mess-ups.{{/U}} Extend the question of ownership's irrelevance and you find it results in people whose work is stolen, passed around for free. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}I quite liked it when having money to go to the movies when you were 16 happened only because you had a Saturday job; or when Saturday iob meant you could go and buy the record you'd longed for all week{{/U}}. What need is there for a Saturday job when the movies come to your bedroom for free; when the record is available in seconds for nothing? Your parents feed and clothe you; the state educates you; and everything else is there for the taking. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}At one level this is thrilling in that all the information and knowledge in the universe is there for everyone, free, to make their brain bigger and their curiosity boundless{{/U}}. At another, less exalted level it means it's never been easier to sit doing nothing, waiting to gobble up other people's stuff. It seems quite a lot of people are choosing option B. Plenty of free stuff, yes. But you do wonder: who's really the mug?

问答题For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they may not be considered to be synonyms:（浙江大学2005研)a. man boy b. toilet loo c. determined stubbornd. pavement sidewalk e. slim skinny f. move run

问答题Directions:Assuming that a manager is going to interview some job applicants and one of his friends gives him a piece of advice that the first impression is not a reliable basis for judgment. This manager wants to hear more from others and decides to have a wall newspaper put up for more views an that topic. 1) You are going to write an article to offer your opinion about it. 2) You should write about 160～200 words neatly on Answer Skeet 2.

问答题The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers.

问答题身外之物

问答题He sent me a letter and a parcel as well.

问答题It was not often realized that women held a high place in southern European societies in the 10th and 11th centuries. As a wife the woman was protected by the setting up of a dowry(陪嫁). Admittedly, the purpose of this was to protect her against the risk of being discarded, but in reality, its function is that social and family life of the time was much more important. The dowry was the wife's right to receive a tenth of all her husband's property. The wife had the fight to withhold consent in all transactions the husband would make. (2) And more than just a fight: the documents show that she enjoyed a real power of decision, equal to that of her husband. In no case do the documents indicate any degree of difference in the legal status of husband and wife. (3) The wife shared in the management of her husband's personal property, but the opposition was not always true. (4) Women seemed perfectly prepared to defend their own interests against husbands who tried to exceed their rights, and on occasion they showed a fine fighting spirit. A case in point is that of Marls Vivas, a Catalan woman of Barcelona. Having agreed with her husband Miro to sell a field she had inherited, for the needs of household, she insisted on compensation. None being offered, she succeeded in dragging her husband to the scribe to have a contract duly drawn up assigning her a piece of land from Miro's personal inheritance. The unfortunate husband was obliged to agree, as the contract says, "for the sake of peace". (5) Either through the dowry or through being hot-tempered, the wife knew how to win herself, within the extent of the family, a powerful economic position.

问答题What is linguistic relativity and why is it so important in linguistic studies?（中山大学2006研)

问答题The real evils, indeed, of Emma"s situation were the power of having rather too much her own way, and a disposition to think a little too well of herself: these were the disadvantages which threatened alloy to her many enjoyments. The danger, however, was at present so unperceived, that they did not by any means rank as misfortunes with her.

问答题Directions: Write a letter of about 100 words to a beach resort where you had a wonderful vocation to express your gratitude for their good service. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题the only child

问答题Knowing that you are paid less than your peers has two effects on happiness. The well-known one is negative: a thinner pay packet harms self-esteem. The lesser-known one is called the "tunnel effect": high incomes for peers are seen as improving your own chances of similar riches, especially if growth, inequality and mobility are high. A paper authored by Tom Dorson of the University of St Andrews separates the two effects using data from household surveys in Germany. Previous work showed that the income of others can have a small, or even positive, overall effect on people"s satisfaction in individual firms. But Mr. Dorson"s team hypothesized that older workers, who largely know their lifetime incomes already, will enjoy a much smaller tunnel effect. The data confirm this hypothesis. The negative effect on reported levels of happiness of being paid less than your peers is not visible for people aged under 45. It is only those people over 45, when careers have "reached a stable position", whose happiness is harmed by the success of others.

问答题The long and progressive reign of Queen Victoria came to a climax at a time of peace and plenty when the British Empire seemed to be at the summit of its power and security. Of the discord that soon followed we shall here note only two factors which had large influence on contemporary English literature. The first disturbing factor was imperialism, the reawakening of a dominating spirit which had seemingly been put to sleep by the proclamation of an Imperial Federation. (46)Its coming was heralded by the Boer War in South Africa, through which Britain blundered to what was hoped to be an era of peace and good will. Other nations promptly made such hope a vain whistling in the wind. Japanese War Lords began a career of conquest which aimed to make Japan master of Asia and East Indies. Pacific islands that had for ages slept peacefully were turned into frowning naval stations. (47)Even the United States, aroused by an easy triumph in the Spanish War, started on an imperialistic adventure by taking control of the Philippines, thus making an implacable enemy of Japan. Only a nation that enters on a dangerous course with eyes wide open has any chance of a safe way out, and the imperialistic nations were all alike blind. (48)An inevitable result was the First War and the great horror of a Second World War, the two disasters being different acts of the same tragedy of imperialism, separated only by a breathing spell. Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind; not slow and orderly reform, which is progress, but immediate and uncontrolled reform, which breeds a spirit of rebellion and despair. Before the Victorian age had come to an end, English literature appeared to have lost touch with healthy English life. Many writers echoed the sorrowful cry of James Thomson in his City of Dreadful Night, or babbled of "art for art's sake" with Oscar Wilde. (49)Groom, in his survey of the period, notes that writers had mostly a critical attitude toward morals and religion, Church and State, as relies from "the dead hand of traditional beliefs." (50)Small wonder that German and Japanese war-advocates regarded Englishmen as a decadent race when the same or a worse opinion was daily read in the novels of Samuel Butler and nightly heard in the plays of Bernard Shaw.

问答题To most of us, nuclear is an all-or-nothing word. Nuclear war is unthinkable. Nuclear weapons must never be used. Nuclear power plants must be perfectly safe. (1) Nuclear meltdown is the end of the world, and "Going nuclear" means you've hit the fatal button, and there's no turning back. The crisis in Japan is teaching us that this isn't true. Nuclear safety, like nuclear doom, is never certain. Too many things can go wrong. And then, just when catastrophe seems inevitable, things can go right. (2) Our challenge in managing the current crisis, and in preparing for the next one, is to broaden our options. We can't anticipate or prevent every scenario. But we can give ourselves a fighting chance. (3) Two days ago, I spoke highly of the reactor containment at the Fukushima Daiichi (福岛) power plant for surviving the earthquake and tsunami that knocked out their primary and backup cooling system. "Everything that could go wrong did," I wrote. Hours later, and explosion damaged one of the containers. Now officials say a second container may have ruptured. Take that as a corollary to Murphy's Law. (4) Anyone who says " Everything that could go wrong did" is overlooking something else that could go wrong. No one could have predicted every misfortune that hit this plant. (5) First a quake bigger than any quake in Japan's history took out the power grid. Then a tsunami arrived with unprecedented speed and took out the backup diesel generators. An explosion at one reactor knocked out four of five pumps at another. A valve malfunction blocked water from being pumped into one of the reactors. Gauges failed. Instrument panels failed. A fire erupted in a spent-fuel storage pool in a reactor that had been offline for months. We don't know how this story will turn out. And that's the point. Failure is an option. So is success.

问答题The dimensions of tourism are astonishing. In 2012, the U. N. tourism organization celebrated reaching 1 billion international trips in a single year. In gross economic power it is in the same company as oil, energy, finance and agriculture. At least one out of every ten people around the world is employed by the industry, according to Wolfgang Weinz of the International Labour Organization. Travel has also become a default fund-raising technique. 【T1】 Today poor nations see tourism as their best bet out of poverty, second only to oil and energy as the major engine of development. Thailand is the world's biggest exporter of rice, yet its tourism is its number-one money earner. Costa Rica has turned its wilderness into a venue for highly profitable ecotourism. As some as Sri Lanka, and now Burma, began seeing an end to conflict, they opened the door to a rush of tourists. After the Arab Spring uprising, Egypt sent out a plea to cruise companies and tour operators to return and kick-start the economy. 【T2】 The U. N. tourism organization now places poverty reduction as one of its top objectives, along with the high-minded ideals of improving international peace and prosperity. Since the end of the Cold War and the opening of the world for travel, tourism has become an important industry that requires some infrastructure, from airfields to modern highways, it is less expensive than building factories. In theory, poor countries should be able to use the new revenue from the tourism industry to pay for the infrastructure while raising standards of living and improving the environment. One hundred of the world's poorest nations do earn up to 5 percent of their gross national product from foreign tourists who marvel at their exotic customs, buy suitcases of souvenirs and take innumerable photographs of stunning landscapes. 【T3】 But just as tourism is capable of lifting a nation out of poverty, it is just as likely to pollute the environment, reduce standards of living for the poor because the profits go to international hotel chains and corrupt local elites , and cater to the worst of tourism, including condemning children the exploitation of sex tourism. Like any major industry, tourism has a serious downside, especially since tourism and travel is underestimated as a global powerhouse, its study and regulation is spotty at best. 【T4】 Tourism is one of those double-edged swords that may look like an easy way to earn desperately needed money but can ravage wilderness areas and undermine native cultures to fit into package tours : a fifteen-minute snippet of a ballet performed in Southern India; native handicrafts refashioned to fit oversize tourists. What is known is that tourism and travel is responsible for 5. 3 per cent of the world's carbon emissions and the degradation of nearly every tropical beach in the world. To make way for more resorts with spectacular views, developers destroy native habitats and ignore local concerns. 【T5】 Preservationists decry the growing propensity to bulldoze old hotels and buildings in favor of constructing new resorts, water holes and entertainment spots that look identical whether in Singapore, Dubai or Johannesburg , a world where diversity is replaced with homogeneity. Another catastrophe for countries betting on tourism has come from wealthy vacationers who fall in love with a country and but so many second houses that locals can no longer afford to live in their own towns and villages.

问答题交易税