单选题Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Photographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographer's temperament, discovering itself through the camera's cropping of reality. That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all. These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of photographs toward the aggressive component in "taking" a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simply predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed. An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography's means. Whatever are the claims that photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerton's high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke. But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to the limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartier Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of "fast seeing". Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast. This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of the future (of faster and faster seeing) alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality. This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness. (451 words)Notes: crop vt.播种，修剪(树木),收割。count for little 无关紧要。predatory 掠夺成性的。champion n.冠军; vt.支持。benevolent 好心肠的，行善的。ambivalence 矛盾心理。make (+不定式)似乎要：He makes to begin. (他似乎要开始了。) swirls and eddies 漩涡。cult 狂热崇拜。daguerreotype 银板照相法。

单选题Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so______Memphis, Tennessee, that the city lost its charter, has reappeared after nearly two decades in ______the Western Hemisphere.

单选题 Names have gained increasing importance in the competitive world of higher education. As colleges strive for market share, they are looking for names that project the image they want or reflect the changes they hope to make. Trenton State College, for example, became the College of New Jersey 9 years ago when it began raising admissions standards and appealing to students from throughout the state. "All I hear in higher education is, brand, brand, brand," said Tim Westerbeck, who specializes in branding and is managing director of Lipman Hearne, a marketing firm based in Chicago that works with universities and other nonprofit organizations. "There has been a sea change over the last 10 years. Marketing used to be almost a dirty word in higher education." Not all efforts at name changes are successful, of course. In 1997, the New School for Social Research became New School University to reflect its growth into a collection of eight colleges, offering a list of majors that includes psychology, music, urban studies and management. But New Yorkers continued to call it the New School. Now, after spending an undisclosed sum on an online survey and a marketing consultant's creation of "naming structures," "brand architecture" and "identity systems," the university has come up with a new name: the New School. Beginning Monday, it will adopt new logos (标志), banners, business cards and even new names for the individual colleges, all to include the words "the New School". Changes in names generally reveal significant shifts in how a college wants to be perceived. In altering its name from Cal State, Hayward, to Cal State, East Bay, the university hoped to project its expanding role in two mostly suburban counties east of San Francisco. The University of Southern Colorado, a state institution, became Colorado State University at Pueblo two years ago, hoping to highlight many internal changes, including offering more graduate programs and setting higher admissions standards. Beaver College turned itself into Arcadia University in 2001 for several reasons: to break the connection with its past as a women's college, to promote its growth into a full-fledged (完全成熟) university and, officials acknowledged, to eliminate some jokes about the college's old name on late-night television and "morning zoo" radio shows. Many college officials said changing a name and image could produce substantial results. At Arcadia, in addition to the rise in applications, the average student's test score has increased by 60 points, Juli Roebeck, an Arcadia spokeswoman, said.

单选题On the wall ______ two large pictures of his parents.A. hangsB. hangedC. hangingD. hang

单选题Holding on to hope may not make patients happier as they deal with chronic illness or diseases, according to a new study by University of Michigan Health System researchers. "Hope is an important part of happiness," said Peter A. Ubel M. D., director of the U-M Center for Behavioral and Decision Sciences in Medicine and one of the authors of the happily hopeless study, "but there"s a dark side of hope. Sometimes, if hope makes people put off getting on with their life, it can get in the way of happiness." The results showed that people do not adapt well to situations if they are believed to be shortened. Ubel and his co-authors—both from U-M and Carnegie Mellon University—studied patients who had new colostomies: their colons were removed and they had to have bowel movements in a pouch that lies outside their body. At the time they received their colostomy, some patients were told that the colostomy was reversible-that they would undergo a second operation to reconnect their bowels after several months. Others were told that the colostomy was permanent and that they would never have normal bowel function again. The second group, the one without hope, reported being happier over the next six months than those with reversible colostomies. "We think they were happier because they got on with their lives. They realized the cards they were dealt, and recognized that they had no choice but to play with those cards," says Ubel, who is also a professor in the Department of Internal Medicine. "The other group was waiting for their colostomy to be reversed," he added. "They contrasted their current life with the life they hoped to lead, and didn"t make the best of their current situation." "Hopeful messages may not be in the best interests of the patient and may interfere with the patient"s emotional adaptation," Ubel says. "I don"t think we should take hope away. But I think we have to be careful about building up people"s hope so much that they put off living their lives."

单选题Not ______ needs a resume.

单选题It's a terrible thing, living with the knowledge( )the doctors are not able to save his life.

单选题Right up until the 19th century, physicians and philosophers regarded sleep as a state of near ______ in which there was no mental activity, a kind of halfway stage between wakefulness and death.

单选题You are allowed to have just half an hour, after ______ you are supposed to submit your exam paper.

单选题The 18th-century statesman, Edmund Burke, once said "All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing description of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are puzzled that anyone would deliberately harm an animal in medical researchers. For example, a grandmotherly woman advocating animal rights at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations (免疫注射), she wanted to know if vaccines (疫苗) come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, "Then I would have to say yes. "Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, "Don't worry, scientists will find some way of using computers." Such well-meaning people just don't understand. Scientist must communicate their message to the public in a sympathetic, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement, a father's bypass operation, a baby's vaccinations, and even a pet' s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst. Much can be done. Scientists could adopt middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers (余火) of medical progress.

单选题The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.

单选题They left at nine, so they ______ by now. A. may arrive B. must arrive C. should have arrived D. ought to arrive

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. There are many features that {{U}}(1) {{/U}} a movie as American, but perhaps the most {{U}}(2) {{/U}} is the theme of the loner-hero (孤胆英雄). In the western movie, which comes out of many {{U}}(3) {{/U}} of the American West, a typical figure is the lonesome cowboy. He wanders into a town and {{U}}(4) {{/U}} out its troubles. Then the strong and independent hero rides off into the sunset {{U}}(5) {{/U}}. Americans like this {{U}}(6) {{/U}} in their films because they are {{U}}(7) {{/U}} independent, and individualism {{U}}(8) {{/U}} a great deal with them. An individual, who is able to {{U}}(9) {{/U}} the evils of the world, or of a small town, is someone to admire. Even the gangster movie, a very popular {{U}}(10) {{/U}} of the typical American film, usually has a hero. {{U}}(11) {{/U}} he is a lawman out to catch the criminals or a gangster who suddenly sees the light and tries to go {{U}}(12) {{/U}} During the violence-ridden period of Prohibition in the 1920s, the gangster movie {{U}}(13) {{/U}} in popularity. These films kept the same. {{U}}(14) {{/U}} as the western--the bad cannot triumph. One good person can save the innocent. Recent science fiction films deal {{U}}(15) {{/U}} the same theme. Against the forces of the alien powers, people will fight to protect their ideals. Here, too, the action {{U}}(16) {{/U}} around a single individual, {{U}}(17) {{/U}} now he or she must save the world. The hero battles the unknown, trusting in inner capabilities and in the power of good {{U}}(18) {{/U}} evil. Fearless, the hero of a typical American movie does not {{U}}(19) {{/U}} to jump into the action. This dominant theme of the American movie is familiar {{U}}(20) {{/U}} people around the world.

单选题This is a very big hotel and it can______more than 1,000 people.

单选题Although we hadn't met for 30 years, I recognized him the minute______I saw him.

单选题The room was full of people and smoke. She started to feel______ with the heat inside.(2003年清华大学考博试题)