单选题Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

单选题What does the sentence "society could not care less whether we play it or not "mean? ______.

单选题Although April did not bring us the rains we all hoped for, and although the Central Valley doesn"t generally experience the atmospheric sound and lightning that can accompany those rains, it is still important for parents to be able to answer the youthful questions about thunder and lightening. The reason why these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain to children is that they are not very well understood by adults themselves. For example, did you know that the lightning we see flashing down to the earth from a cloud is actually flashing up to a cloud from the earth? Our eyes trick us into thinking we see a downward motion when it"s actually the other way around. But then, if we believed only what we think we see, we"d still insist that the sun rises in the morning and sets at night. Most lightning flashes take place inside a cloud, and only a relative few can be seen jumping between two clouds or between earth and a cloud. But, with about 2,000 thunderstorms taking place above the earth every. minute of the day and night, there"s enough activity to produce about 100 lightning strikes on earth every second. Parents can use thunder and lightning to help their children learn more about the world around them. When children understand that the light of the lightning flashing reaches their eyes almost at the same moment, but the sound of the thunder takes about 5 seconds to travel just one mile, they can begin to time the interval between the flash and the crash to learn how close they were to the actual spark. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

单选题When Daniel Franklin, a political science professor from Atlanta, needed career advancement advice, he didn't turn to colleagues, therapists or even his mom. He went to the Advice Ladies. Three thirty something New York women, advertising freelancers by day, have turned themselves into Saturday afternoon street-comer oracles, they pull up lawn chairs and a table on a lower Manhattan street corner and dish out free advice to passersby. They've claimed the comer of West Broadway and Broome Street in Soho as their own for the last several months. Amy Alkon, who, with longtime friends Marlowe Minnick and Carolyn Johnson, becomes a part-time shrink each weekend. "We use creative problem- solving to turn problem into fun," she says. On a recent steamy afternoon, a line has formed in front of the Advice Ladies' table. Obviously, New Yorkers need plenty of help. "People feel they have no control in this crazy world. And therapy can take years," Minnick says. "We solve problems instantly, it's instant answer gratification." The three brainstorm before delivering advice on everything from pet discipline, closet- space management, even hair care. But no legal advice. "By far, most of our questions are love-related. It's amazing the intimate sexual problems that people will divulge to a total stranger," Alkon says. But they won't be strangers much longer. The Advice Ladies are putting together a book deal. And Robert De Niro is creating a talk show around them, due nationally this fall from his Tribeca Pictures. "De Niro asked us for advice, but we think he's already perfect," purrs Alkon. And their career advice to Franklin? "He's written a book, so we told him to get a manager and go on the touring circuit. It's great money and great publicity for the book." "Good advice," says Franklin.

单选题The symbols of mathematics ______ we are most familiar are the signs of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division arid equality.

单选题The temperature is likely to go down next week. ______, we will have to cancel the outdoor activities.

单选题Changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an

单选题Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ______the color of his skin.

单选题It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans" life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, cataracts removed in a 30-minutes surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death, and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours. Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it"s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians—frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm "have a duty to die and get out of the way", so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O"Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people"s lives.

单选题{{B}}Directions: There are five reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET I.{{/B}}{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} A child of five is friendly, competent and obedient, although he may be bossy with other children and is sometimes sufficiently independent to call his mother names. He is still dependent on adult approval and praise, and so orientated (对……感兴趣) to the grown-up that he tells tales without seeing the other child's point of view. There is no real discussion yet fives talking together indulge in a "collective monologue (独白)"; quarrelling with words often begins towards the end of the year. Group play is often disrupted because everyone wants to be the mother or the bride or the captain of the fire brigade. Each child has an urgent need for constantly recurring (反复的) contact with an adult in spite of all his efforts to be independent. In his unsureness he may make statements about his own cleverness and beauty, hoping that the adult will praise him: this is not conceit but a cry for reassurance. He loves to say "Watch what I can do." Reality and fantasy are still intermingled and this confusion may lead him to elaborate on facts.

单选题The idea that the human personality is a blank slate, to be written upon only by experience, prevailed for most of the second half of the 20th century. Over the past two decades, however, that notion has been undermined. Studies comparing identical with non-identical twins have helped to establish the heritability of many aspects of behaviour, and examination of DNA has uncovered some of the genes responsible. Recent work on both these fronts suggests that happiness is highly heritable. As any human being knows, many factors govern whether people are happy or unhappy. External circumstances are important: employed people are happier than unemployed ones and better-off people than poor ones. Age has a role, too; the young and the old are happier than the middle-aged. But personality is the single biggest determinant: extroverts are happier than introverts, and confident people happier than anxious ones. That personality, along with intelligence, is at least partly heritable is becoming increasingly clear; so, presumably, the tendency to be happy or miserable is, to some extent, passed on through DNA. To try to establish just what that extent is, a group of scientists from University College, London examined over 1, 000 pairs of twins from a huge study on the health of American adolescents. They conclude that about a third of the variation in people's happiness is heritable. That is along the lines of, though a little lower than, previous estimates on the subject. But while twin studies are useful for establishing the extent to which a characteristic is heritable, they do not finger the particular genes at work. One of the researchers, Jan-Emmanuel De Neve has tried to do just that, by picking a popular suspect—the gene that encodes the serotonin-transporter protein, a molecule that shuffles a brain messenger called serotonin through cell membranes—and examining how variants of that gene affect levels of happiness. Serotonin is involved in mood regulation. Serotonin transporters are crucial to this job. The serotonin-transporter gene comes in two functional variants—long and short. The long one produces more transporter-protein molecules than the short one. People have two versions(known as alleles)of each gene, one from each parent. So some have two short alleles, some have two long ones, and the rest have one of each. The adolescents in Dr. De Neve's study were asked to grade themselves from very satisfied to very dissatisfied. Dr. De Neve found that those with one long allele were 8% more likely than those with none to describe themselves as very satisfied; those with two long alleles were 17% more likely. Which is interesting. Where the story could become controversial is when the ethnic origins of the volunteers are taken into account. All were Americans, but they were asked to classify themselves by race as well. On average, the Asian Americans in the sample had 0. 69 long genes, the black Americans had 1.47 and the white Americans had 1. 12. That result sits comfortably with other studies showing that, on average, Asian countries report lower levels of happiness than their GDP per head would suggest. African countries, however, are all over the place, happinesswise. But that is not surprising, either. Africa is the most genetically diverse continent, because that is where humanity evolved. Black Americans, mostly the descendants of slaves carried away from a few places in west Africa, cannot possibly be representative of the whole continent. These studies may be a few steps too far along the road to genetic determinism for some people. But there is growing interest in the study of happiness, not just among geneticists but also among economists and policymakers dissatisfied with current ways of measuring humanity's achievements. Future work in this field will be read avidly in those circles.

单选题Being color-blind, Sally can't make a______between red and green.

单选题Were you ______ the phone a lot this afternoon? I tried calling you five times and always got a busy signal.

单选题A. heat B. break C. team D. beat

单选题A dog cares deeply, which way your body is leaning. Forward or backward? Forward can be seen as aggressive; backward—even a quarter of an inch—means nonthreatening. It means you"ve relinquished what ethologists call an "intention movement" to proceed forward. Cook your head, even slightly, to the side, and a dog is disarmed. Look at him straight on and he"ll read is like a red flag. Standing straight, with your shoulders squared rather that slumped, can mean the difference between whether your dog obeys a command or ignores it. Breathing evenly and deeply, rather than holding your breath can mean the difference between defusing a tense situation and igniting it. "I think they are looking at our eyes and where our eyes look like," the ethologist Patricia McConnell, who teaches at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, says, " A rounded eye with a dilated pupil is a sign of high arousal and aggression in a dog. I believe they pay a tremendous amount of attention to how relaxed our face is and how relaxed our facial muscles are, because that"s big cue for them with each other. Is the jaw relaxed? Is the mouth slightly open? And then the arms. They pay a tremendous amount of attention to where our arms go. " In the book The Other End of the Leash, McConnell decodes one of the most common of all human-dog interactions, the meeting between two leashed animals in a walk. To us, it"s about one dog sizing up another. To her, it"s about two dogs sizing up each other after first sizing up their respective owners. The owners " are often anxious about how well the dogs will get along," she writes, and if you watch them instead of the dogs, you"ll often notice that the humans will hold their breath and round their eyes and mouths in an "on alert" expression. Since these behaviors are expressions of offensive aggression in a canine culture, I suspect the humans are unwittingly signaling tension. If you exaggerate this by tightening the leash, as many owners do, you can actually cause the dogs to attack each other. Think of it: the dogs are in a tense social encounter, surrounded by support from their own pack, with the humans forming a tense, staring, breathless circle around them. I don"t know how many times I"ve seen dogs shift their eyes toward their owner"s frozen faces and then launch growling at the other dog.

单选题Parties are therefore free to strive for a settlement without jeopardizing their chances for or in a trim if mediation is unsuccessful. A. assuring B. increasing C. endangering D. destroying

单选题If places ______ alike, there would be little need for geographers. A) being B) are C) be D) were