单选题Not until the mid-12th century______as a nation with its own culture and language.

单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}} What makes Reader's Digest the most successful magazine in publishing history? Beneath the fun and excitement that fill our pages, we are, above all else, a serious magazine. Our readers are serious people. The Digest never loses sight of the fact that each day all of us confront a tough, challenging world. To millions who know our record of viewing this world, we are not a luxury; we are a necessity. Basic to our magazine is a steady focus on the power of the individual. We show that man's greatest ideas and accomplishment, his often stunning (极好的) faith and courage and hope, can be seen in the conduct of ordinary men and women. We reflect the universal skepticism that government can solve our problems; we herald the unending promise of self-determination and individual enterprise. Readers depend upon us for truth and accuracy, logic and common sense. Our stories come from the grit of human experience—the tough, the tender, the funny. These Stories—always told in a powerful narrative style—spring from tore and caring, from a sense of right and wrong, from a dedication to the vitality (活力,生命力) of the human spirit. We are at the forefront of major issues of medicine, health, environment, human rights. We take readers behind the headlines to the cause and meaning of world events. We celebrate courage, champion adventure and always seek to expand the mind, and to enrich the spirit and the body. It is this clear voice—never preaching (说教), always showing—that has made readers set us apart from all other magazines. Deep within our widely varied package of humor, drama, and helpful information, there hums (哼唱) a subtle power that guides people in every aspect of their lives. They listen because what we put forth rings true. They are comfortable with our clear, concise words that inform them, entertain them, and remind them of those eternal values that fortify all decent people as they seek clarity and coherence in a confusing world. Our readers recognize that our compass is good for the long haul—that our principles are good for all seasons, good for all ages, good for all those who wish to play a role in making their world a better place. So long as we never lose sight of these powerful principles that are at the soul of our magazine—and so long as we remain at the cutting edge of life in our world—then we are prepared to lay claim to a future as brilliant and as exciting as our past.

单选题Education benefits a lot from multimedia because ______. A．all educational software employing multimedia is available in the libraries B．the material of education is dependent upon responses and requests of the students involved C．teachers can reduce their heavy work D．information can be controlled in the classroom

单选题Is ______ three hours ______ the boy ______ family is poor to come to school on foot? A) it; that; whose B) it; that it takes; whose C) it for; that it takes; whose D) it; when; that

单选题When a student, I was a member of the collegiate basketball team. It was mainly composed of bookish students. Only one could be counted as natural athlete, another half-qualified. That's why we were defeated nine out of ten games. Our spirits, however, had never dampened, for we were a cheerful team. None would strive to get into the spotlight when we were gaining the upper hand~ nor would we blame each other when we were losing. Thus a cordial relationship between members prevailed in our team. Most recommendable of all was our morale which never lowered. Our sportsmanship also remained good. We persisted in carrying on to the last when suffering great loss. We knew we had done our best, showing no regret at failure. To the rest of the students our team was a good one though it lost the game. They kept encouraging us and none of them was disappointed. Recently I have avoided watching games, not even at a TV live coverage, still less to the match in person. That's because I know I couldn't control myself. When watching a match, I'll inevitably take sides and be emotionally involved, strongly wishing for the triumph of the side over its opponent. As I often side with the "weaker " in a match, watching it will only spell worry and misery for me. Not long ago when I accompanied my wife to a super world tennis match my horizons broadened as regards sports competition. It seemed to me that wins and losses were relative and transient. What mattered was the ever-higher level achieved through contest. Victory was a result of all the efforts made by both sides. As one of the audience, I should applaud the energetic performance of both to the neglect of the result. Why should I regard the contest as a life-and-death struggle, the winner as survival and the loser as dead?

单选题The child was ______. he made up a wonderful story when he was given only the beginning of it. A) imaginative B) imagining C) imaginary D) imagery

单选题Sometimes, people (41) your life and you realize that they are there (42) some purpose, to (43) you a lesson, or to help you (44) who you are or who you want to become. You'd never know who these people (45) be, your friend, your classmate, your neighbor, your co-worker, your teacher, or (46) a stranger, but they will deeply (47) your life in some way. And sometimes things (48) to you that may seem (49) , painful and horrible at first, but (50) , you realize that without (51) those difficulties you would never know your strength, (52) or potential. Everything happens for a (53) . Nothing happens by (54) or by means of good luck. Illness, great achievement, love, injury and failure all come to (55) the limits of your soul. Without these tests, life would be like a straight and fiat road, but it goes (56) . It would be safe and comfortable, but dull and completely (57) . Those people who affect your life, and the failure and the success you experience can help you to create who you are and who you become. Even the bad experiences can (58) from. In fact, they are the most important ones. If someone breaks your heart, or hurts you, please (59) them, for they helped you to learn about the importance of being careful when you open your heart. If someone loves you, love them (60) , because they are teaching you to love and how to open your heart and eyes to things.

单选题April 1st is a day on which, in some countries, people try to play tricks on others. If one succeeds in tricking somebody, one may laugh and say, "April Fool!" and then the person who has been tricked usually laughs too. One April 1st, a bus was going along a country road when it slowed down and stopped. The driver anxiously turned switches (开关) and pressed buttons (按钮), but nothing happened. Then he turned to the passengers with a worried look on his face and said, "This poor bus is getting old. There"s only one thing to do if we want to get home today. I shall count one, two, three, and on the word three, I want you all to lean forward suddenly with all your effort. That should get the bus started again. Now, all of you lean back as far as you can in your seats and get ready." The passengers all pressed back against their seats and waited for his order. The driver turned to his front and asked, "Are you ready?" The passengers hardly had enough breath to answer, "Yes." "One! Two! Three!" counted the driver. The passengers all swung (摇摆)forward and the bus started up at once. The passengers breathed more easily and began to smile. But their smiles turned to surprise and then burst into laughter (大笑起来) when the driver merrily cried, "April Fool!" "April Fool" is a person who ______ on April 1st.

单选题In spite of the thunderstorm, the children slept ______ all night. A. densely B. soundly C. loudly D. noisily

单选题I was most favorably struck by the {{U}}assurance{{/U}} with which the boy answered all my questions.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Every year 100 million holiday-makers are drawn to the Mediterranean. With one third of the world's tourist trade, it is the most popular of all the holiday destinations: it is also the most polluted. It has only 1 percent of the world's sea surface, but carries more than half the oil and tar floating on the waters. Thousands of factories pour their poison into the Mediterranean, and almost every city, town and village on the coast sluices its sewage, untreated, into the sea. The result is that the Mediterranean, which nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill-the first of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it. And the population does not merely stifle the life of the sea-it threatens the people who inhabit and visit its shores. Typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, polio, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are endemic in the area, and there are periodic outbreaks of cholera. The mournful litany of disease is caused by sewage. Eight-five percent of the waste from the Mediterranean's 120 coastal cities is pushed out into the waters where their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight off the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv which pipe it even half a mile offshore. Less than 100, 000 of Greece's four million coastal people have their sewage properly treated-and Greece, is one of the cleaner countries of the northern shore. The worst parts of the sea are Israeli/Lebanon coast and between Barcelona and Genoa, which flushes out over 200 tons of sewage each year for every mile of its length. Not surprisingly, vast areas of the shallows are awash with bacteria and it doesn't take long for these to reach people. Professor William Brumfit of the Royal Free Hospital once calculated that anyone who goes for a swim in the Mediterranean has a one in seven chance of getting some sort of disease. Other scientists say this is an overestimate; but almost all of them agree that bathers are at risk. An even greater danger lurks in the seductive seafood dishes that add so much interest to holiday menu. Shellfish are prime carriers of many of the most vicious diseases of the area. They often grow amid pollution. And even if they don't they are frequently infected by the popular practice of "freshening them up" -throwing filthy water over them in markets. Industry adds its own poisons. Factories cluster round the coastline, and even the most modern rarely has proper waste-treatment plant. They do as much damage to the sea as sewage. Fifteen thousand factories foul the Italian Lihurian Riviera. Sixty thousand pollute the Tyrrhenian Sea between Sardinia, Sicily and the west Italian coast! The lagoon of Venice alone receives the effluents of 76 factories. Thousands of tons of pesticides are blown off the fields into the sea, detergents from millions of sinks kill fish, and fertilizers, flushed out to sea, nourish explosions of plankton which cover bathers with itchy slime. Then there is the oil-130, 000 tons pouring each year from ships, 115, 000 tons more from industries round the shore. Recent studies show that the Mediterranean is four times as polluted as the north Atlantic, 20 times as bad as the north-east Pacific. Apart from the nine-mile-wide Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean is landlocked, virtually unable to cleanse itself. It takes 80 years for the water to be renewed, through the narrow, shallow straits, far too slow a process to cope with the remorseless rush of pollution.

单选题Roger Rosenblatt's book Black Fiction, in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject, successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes, criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle's recent work, for example, judges the value of Black Fiction by overtly political standards, rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt's literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black Fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored. Writing acceptable criticism of Black Fiction, however, presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all, is there a sufficient reason, other than the racial identity of the authors, to group together works by Black authors? Second, how does Black Fiction make itself distinct from other modem fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous? Rosenblatt shows that Black Fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable, coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Black over the last eighty years, he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic, and they spring, not surprisingly, from the central fact that the Black characters in these novels exist in a predominantly white culture, whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it. Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt's thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity ; he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works -- yet his reluctance seems misplaced, especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance, some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge a different kind of aesthetic? In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed, and its forthright, lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.

单选题The word relative (line 1, paragraph 3 )most probably means ______.

单选题Itwasatuniversity______IfirstmetHopkins.

单选题You were______ by your absence yesterday.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)

单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}} "Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from the Gaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," "war cry," or "gathering word or phrase of one of the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking people began using the term by 1704. The term at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle ages, and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure proper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the Boston Massacre," "the Boston Tea Party," "the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation."... Slogans operate in society as "social symbols" and, as such, their intended or perceived meaning may be difficult to grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups... Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning in a group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol, Murray Edelman writes that "to the political scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us with an index for the group's norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims. Slogans are so pervasive in today's society that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power. They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than bases for public interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotional, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans work well on television. The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an "overcommunicated" society. Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to link product attributes to existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them. Thus, to say that a cookie tastes "homemade" or is as good as "Mom used to make" does not tell us if the cookie is good or bad, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother's baking. Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wants to associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form; and an advertising agency may spend months testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person. Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement or social movement organization. "Gray Power," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderly Americans, and "Huelga" (strike in Spanish) identifies the movement to aid Mexican American field workers in the west and southwest.

单选题2 Today's college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society. "We need to stop endlessly repeating 'You're special' and having children repeat that back," said the study's lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State Universi- ty. "Kids are self-centered enough already. " "Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others," he said. The study asserts that narcissists "are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors. " Twenge, the author of Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others. Some analysts have commended today's young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skepticaiiy, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications. Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的) that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. "Permissiveness seems to be a component," he said. "A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for. " Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don't necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation. Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed (气馁，灰心) by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. "We're encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way," Kader said. "I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships. " Karl Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. "People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where they're going to find a place in the world," she said."People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn't mean they're not concerned about the rest of the world. " Besides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. "It would be more depressing if people answered, 'No, I'm not special. '/

单选题Speaker A: I can't stand the school cafeteriA．The food is terrible. Speaker B:______

单选题The writer concludes that school rules to forbid smoking ______.