单选题In s perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However. if there is discrimination against one sex. it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus one would expect that. if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women's earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs's results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal. In addition, both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of self-employed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis. Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and self-employed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Brown's research design controlled for education, labor-force participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study's results. Brown's results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, self-employment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed. One can infer from Brown's results that consumers discriminate against self-employed women. In addition, self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions. Brown's results are clearly consistent with Fuchs's argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women's earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.

单选题One of the enduring myths of American folklore is that Jesse James was a home-grown Robin Hood who "stole from the rich and gave to the poor" That legend enjoyed a revived popularity in the 1960s. Supported by movies, pulp fiction, and even serious scholarship, this image has dominated our understanding of the post-Civil War James gang and other western outlaws. Historians have described James as a "primitive rebel" who championed "a special type of peasant protest and rebellion" against modernizing forces by robbing banks and railroads. But James himself would have considered this notion a great joke. In fact, James's robbers went after the express company safes just because that's where the money was. As for the Robin Hood theme, there is no evidence the James gang did anything with the cash they stole except to spend it on fine horseflesh and gambling. The key to understanding the motives of the James gang—besides greed—is the Civil War, especially the vicious guerrilla combat within the larger war that plagued Missouri. Support for the Confederacy was strong in the Little Dixie counties that flanked the Missouri River just east of the Kansas border. In these counties lived most of the men and boys who went into the bush as Confederate guerrillas, including Frank and Jesse James. They learned their trade under the tutelage of such psychopathic killers as " Bloody Bill" Anderson and William Clarke Quantrill, who murdered scores of Missouri Unionists and fought it out with Union soldiers during four years of internecine warfare. These guerrillas were anything but the poor farmers of folklore. Many of them (like James) came from families that were three times more likely to own slaves and possessed twice as much wealth as the average Missouri family. James fought during the war against emancipation and after the war against the Republican Party that freed and enfranchised the slaves. Many of the banks and express companies struck by the James gang were owned by individuals or groups associated with the Republican Party. Like the Ku Klux Klan in former Confederate states, the James gang did its best to undermine the new order ushered in by Northern victory in the Civil War. When Democrats regained control of Missouri in the 1870s, the James gang looked for greener pastures outside the state. In August 1876, they rode all the way to Northfield, Minn. , with the aim of robbing a bank there in which a Union general was reported to have deposited large funds. When the bank cashier—also a Union veteran—refused to open the vault, James shot him in cold blood. The citizens of Northfield fought back, killing two of the bandits before they could flee the town. Jesse and Frank James got away, but this affair was the beginning of the end for Jesse's career as the self-described "Napoleon of crime. /

单选题The objective of the migrant health program of the United States government is to provide grants for the development and enhancement of high quality health care services in rural areas for migrant and seasonal farm workers and their families so as to raise the status of health care for these people to that of the general population. This amelioration can be achieved by providing comprehensive heahh services, which are made aeeessible to people who move frequently, and by improving the physical environment so as to assure healthful living and working conditions wherever workers are located. Grants are available to state and local health departmenls and other nonprofit agencies, organizations, and institutions. These funds can he used for the following purposes: to establish and operate general family health service facilities and clinics; to provide heahh education, training, and sanitation services to upgrade health conditions; and to initiate preventive health services. Preventive care in the form of immunization programs is the oldest aspect of the program. The program further attempts to promote flexibility in locating health services where they will be accessible at times and places convenient to migrant workers and their families. The family heahh care clinic, with additional outreach services by field nurses and aides who visit migrant families in camps and at their homes for counseling and follow-up, constitutes the newest and most significant innovation in the initiate preventive health services. However, despite the introduction of innovative approaches, heahh care services for migrant workers are still limited and highly inadequate. Although the migrant health program has no fixed matctling ratio, a grantee is required to pay part of the cost, which varies from project to project. Many rural counties do not have enough money to cover matching payments, nor do many states consider migran! workers" health a budget priority. The costsharing requirement limits the potential effectiveness of the program, and literally hundreds of communities with a yearly influx of nngrant workers still lack organized local programs to provide the needed services. A major problem for local or state health agencies is their inability to develop case histories and ongoing communication with migrant workers. Lack of knowledge regarding migrant workers" health needs is another reason for the dearth of services. There has been little communication about health problems among communities, health professionals, and migrant workers themselves. Ignorance of a group"s special needs often leads to exclusion and rejection of that group and its prohlems. This is often the case with migrant workers, as evidenced by the enforcement of state residency requirement. It is, of course, impossible for most migrant workers to meet these requirements and become eligible fro" existing state and local heahh and welfare aid.

单选题______ a fire, hotel guests are asked to remain Calm.A. As a result ofB. In the event ofC. By reason ofD. In the time of

单选题Galileo started to publicly support Copernicus' s theory ______.

单选题Parents who believe that playing video games is less harmful to their kids" attention spans than watching TV may want to reconsider. Some researchers 16 more than 1,300 children in different grades for a year. They asked both the kids and their parents to estimate how many hours per week the kids spent watching TV and playing video games, and they 17 the children"s attention spans by 18 their schoolteachers. 19 studies have examined the effect of TV or video games on attention problems, but not both. By looking at video-game use 20 TV watching, these scientists were able to show for the first time that the two activities have a similar relationship 21 attention problems. Shawn Green, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, points out that the study doesn"t distinguish between the type of 22 required to excel at a video game and that required to excel in school. "A child who is capable of playing a video game for hours 23 . obviously does not have a 24 problem with paying attention," says Green. " 25 are they able to pay attention to a game but not in school? What expectancies have the games set up that aren"t being delivered in a school 26 ?" Modem TV shows are so exciting and fast paced that they make reading and schoolwork seem 27 by comparison, and the same may be true 28 video games, the study notes. "We weren"t able to break the games down by educational versus non-educational 29 nonviolent versus violent, "says Swing, 30 that the impact that different types of games may have on attention is a ripe area for future research.

单选题The task is hard, ______, the workers managed to finish it in time.A. thereforeB. otherwiseC. howeverD. yet

单选题A: Excuse me, I don't want to interrupt you... B. ______ A. No. no. It's quite all right. B. Well. never mind. C. It won't bother me. D. Of course not.

单选题The author's mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to suggest that ______.

单选题According to recent U. S. Statistics Yearbook, Americans spend $16 billion a year on credit cards and there are already 590 million in ______. A. preparation B. communication C. administration D. circulation

单选题Advertisement: We at Vesuvius Vacuums always give our customers what they deserve, and they deserve the very best. That's why we use only SuperTec air filters. Which of the following, if true, would most undermine the argument expressed in the advertisement? A. In a test of three leading air filters, the SuperTec air filter performed at the same level as one of the filters and at a higher level than the other. B. The SuperTec air filter is the only kind of air filter that will fit in the model of vacuum sold by Vesuvius Vacuums. C. In a national study by a prominent consumer group, Vesuvius Vacuums gained a "superior" rating for product quality. D. The customers of Vesuvius Vacuums have expressed no preferences concerning the type of air filter used in the product. E. The specific air filter used in a given vacuum makes only a small difference in the long-term performance of that vacuum.

单选题A: It"s already 9 o"clock. I"m afraid I have to go. Thank you for the wonderful dinner. B: ______

单选题A. punishB. businessC. runningD. brush

单选题What point is the author making by stating that farmers could carry nearly all their tools on their backs? ( )

单选题{{B}}Passage Five{{/B}} There is no question that the old style of air pollution could kill people. In one week following the infamous "peasouper" fog in December 1952,4,700 people died in London. Most of these people were elderly and already had heart or lung diseases. A series of these killer fogs eventually led to the British Parliament passing the Clean Air Act which restricted the burning of coal. Fortunately the effect of smog on the lungs is not so dramatic. Scientists have now conducted a number of laboratory experiments in which volunteers are exposed to ozone inside a steel chamber for a few hours. Even at quite low concentrations there is a reversible fall in lung function, an increase in the irritability of the lungs and evidence of airway inflammation. Although irritable and inflamed lungs are particularly seen in people with asthma (哮喘) and other lung diseases, these effects of ozone also occur in healthy subjects. Similar changes are also seen after exposure to nitrogen dioxide, although there is some disagreement about the concentration at which they occur. Other studies have found that people living in areas with high levels of pollution have more symptoms and worse lung function than those living in areas with clean air. Groups of children attending school camps show falls in lung function even at quite low concentrations of ozone. There is also a relationship between ozone levels and hospital admissions for asthma, both in North America and Australia. It is suspected that long-term exposure to smog may result in chronic bronchitis (支气管炎) and emphysema (肺气肿), but this has yet to be proven. Recently an association has been found between the levels of particles in the air and death rates in North American cities. The reason for this association is not understood and as yet there is no evidence this occurs in Australia. However, we do know that hazy days are associated with more asthma attacks in children.

单选题It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean"s largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior. So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy"s formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans. Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies. Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption (爆发) for the first time and that they plan similar studies. Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures. The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second—slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patient"s chest to a doctor"s ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of miles. (283 words)

单选题Man: Can I borrow your maths textbook? I lost mine on the bus. Woman: You've asked the right person. I happen to have an extra copy. Question: What does the woman mean?

单选题The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ______to the body.

单选题In the Arizona desert, tomatoes hang from ceilings, spinach grows without soil and shrimp lire in indoor pools. What's going on.'? Food research! People perform these experiments to learn how to produce more food. There will be over 6.5 bil- lion people on earth after two decades. We will have to produce four times as much food as we do now to feed all these people. But each year there is less fresh water, the soil loses nutrients and buildings take up more land. We must learn to use resources we have always thought unusable. So, the Environ- mental Research Laboratory in Arizona tries to grow food without soil, in the desert, and with salt water. So far the results have been excellent. The new methods yield twenty times more tomatoes and cu-cumbers than can be grown on a farm. About sixty times as many shrimp can be raised in indoors pools than ten boats can catch in the ocean in a year. Crops can grow in salty soil. Plus, as they grow, they take salt and minerals from desert soil, to create more useable land. The University of Arizona runs the research center in Arizona. But there are centers all over the world. Because of the promising results, big companies pay for some of the research. With interest and money backing them, researchers can go far. Their aim is to use wasted land and water to feed humanity. In the Arizona desert, they are off to a great start.

单选题Life really should be one long journey of joy for children who are born with a world of wealth at their tiny feet. But experts on psychological research now believe that silver spoons can leave a bitter taste. If suicide statistics are a sign of happiness, then the rich are a miserable lot. Figures show that it is the rich who most often do away with themselves. Dr. Robert Coles, an internationally famous doctor, is the world"s top expert on the influence of money on children. He has written a well-received book on the subject, The Privileged Ones , and his research shows that too much money in the family can cause as many problems as too little. "Obviously there are certain advantages to being rich," says the 53-year-old doctor, "such as better health, education and future work expectation, but most important is the quality of family life. Money can"t buy love." It can buy a lot of other things, though, and that"s where the trouble starts. Rich kids have so much to choose from that they often become confused. Their parents" over favoring can make them spoiled. They tend to travel more than other children, from home to home and country to country, which often makes them feel restless. "But privileged children do have a better sense of their positions in the world," adds Mr. Coles, "and they are more self-assured." Today"s rich parents perhaps have realized that their riches can be more of a burden than a favor to their children. So their priority is to ensure that their families are as rich in love as they are in money.