问答题人们在节假日无节制消费 2. 大量消费对个人和社会的影响 3. 我的看法……

问答题Since his blood pressure is much higher than it should be, his doctor insists that he should not smoke.

问答题You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at till end of the letter. Use “Jordan” instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points)

问答题全球经济刺激政策是否同进同退 2008年9月15日，以雷曼兄弟倒闭为转折点，美国次贷危机进一步恶化，并迅速 演变为波及全球的金融风暴。世界各国迅速采取救市行动，来抵御金融危机的冲击，各 国刺激经济的政策几乎是同步跟进。 一是采取张性的货币政策(expansionary fiscal policy)。2008年10月8日世 界6家主要央行有史以来首次联手降息。美联储、欧洲央行、英国央行、瑞士央行、 加拿大央行和瑞典央行，联合宣布将基准利率均下调50基点。全球共同降息的通道就 此打开，各国利率水平不断下调。2008年12月16日美联储决定将联邦基金利率降到 历史最低点；2009年3月5日英国央行和欧洲央行均宣布降息50基点，利率双双创出 历史新低，全球主要国家的利率几乎同步进入零利率时代。 二是采取量化宽松政策(quantitative easing and increased money supply)。2009 年3月5日英国央行货币政策委员会正式宣布将实行量化宽松政策，扩大货币供应量， 向市场注入流动性。2009年3月18日美国联邦储备委员会决定大手笔购买1.15万亿美 元债券，也开始转向量化宽松政策。2009年5月7日欧洲央行决定将买入担保债券，并 延长面向商业银行的回购操作期限。日本、英国、美国和欧元区等发达国家和地区为了 应对金融危机，先后都开始采取非常规的货币政策手段——通过量化宽松政策向市场大 量注入流动性以恢复经济，体现了量化宽松政策的同步性。 现在全球经济有复苏迹象，各国也在考虑宏观经济政策的退出问题(macroeconomic exit strategy)。如美国联邦储备委员会9月23日表示，美国经济在经历严重衰退后正 在复苏，并决定放缓购买抵押贷款支持证券的步伐。美联储将从2010年初开始削减短期 资金拍卖规模，而欧洲央行、瑞士央行以及英国央行也宣布，将收紧向金融体系注入美 元流动性的步伐。宏观经济政策普遍有退出的迹象。10月6日，澳大利亚储备银行率先 宣布将基准利率提高了0.25%至3.25%，这是后危机时代首个加息的国家，其他国家是 否会跟进加息呢?宽松的政策是否要齐步退出呢?笔者认为宏观经济政策的退出将是一个渐进的过程、一个协调的过程。 首先政策退出是一个渐进的过程。金融危机来袭，各国面临同样的困境，对经济前 景的判断一致，各国都同时采取措施抵御危机的冲击，宏观经济政策高度一致。但是一 旦经济开始恢复，由于各国受到金融危机影响的程度不同，各国经济恢复程度也会有所 不同，同时各国对经济复苏的判断也会有所不同，因此宏观经济政策的退出时机和步伐 可能会不尽相同。如美国联邦储备委员会主席伯南克10月8日表示，在美国经济取得足 够改善时，美联储将收紧货币政策，以避免通货膨胀加剧，这意味着目前还不是政策退 出之时，宽松的货币政策仍然要保持。一旦宏观经济形势明显改善，信贷市场恢复正常， 投资和消费恢复，美联储才会将逐步退出宽松的货币政策。笔者认为退出过程也将是渐 进的。开始应是逐步退出量化宽松政策的数量型工具，恢复美联储的资产负债表，使其 回到正常水平。目前美联储的资产负债表扩张到2.18万亿美元，潜在的通货膨胀风险上 升，因此一旦信贷市场恢复，美联储就要削减量化宽松政策的力度，直至退出量化宽松 政策。若经济恢复增长，通货膨胀预期上升，物价水平开始上涨，美联储可能开始加息， 提高融资的成本，遏制需求的过度扩张和通货膨胀上升。因此政策退出将是一个渐进的 过程，将由数量型工具退出向价格型工具退出过渡，数量型工具和价格型工具退出的本 身也将是一个渐进的过程，退出的步伐将根据宏观经济形势的变化而变化。如果经济恢 复快，则政策退出的速度也会加快。 同时政策退出还是一个协调的过程。在全球金融危机爆发的时候，全球宏观经济政 策容易协调，各国同时采取宽松的宏观经济政策。但是在政策退出时，笔者认为为了全 球经济的平稳恢复和发展，也要加强各国宏观经济政策退出的协调。在经济全球化的时 代，金融一体化程度越来越高，各国之间的金融联系也越来越紧密，在开放经济的条件 下，一国宏观经济政策有着重要的溢出效应(spillover effect)。如澳洲央行升息后， 澳元开始走强，美元下跌，油价和黄金价格上涨，通货膨胀的风险上升。如果只是单个 国家采取退出政策，还会面临调整的压力，如货币升值和出口下降等。同时单个国家货 币政策的效果也较弱。目前澳元仍旧是主要货币当中利率最高的一个，也是主要货币当 中第一种开始加息的货币，澳元升值预期上升，吸引资本流入，可能会进一步推高资产 价格上涨和通货膨胀，将抵消货币政策加息的效果。在当今相互依赖的经济环境中，单 个国家的宏观经济政策会有溢出效果，国内的政策会对其他国家经济产生作用，同时政 策的效果也会减弱。溢出效应提供了国际政策协调的理论前提，在不同国家之间的政策 合作对世界经济能够起到帕累托最优的效果，也就是说一国的货币政策既有利于促进本 国经济的增长，又不会对别国经济产生不良效果。事实上，即使最优的结果难以取得， 政策的协调也比非合作对付国际经济的不稳定更有效果。随着国际金融市场自由化、全 球化的发展，国际经济的依赖性相互增强，需要进一步加强宏观经济政策退出的协调， 促进全球经济的平稳增长。

问答题Semantics

问答题Jefferson, Thomas

问答题自主创业

问答题We maintain that in general a focus on positive information benefits well-being. However, there are probably conditions when a chronic tendency to focus on positive material is maladaptive. One such context, we presumed, is decision making, especially when options include both positive and negative features. (46) When making decisions, negative features of options often have higher diagnostic value. If a person who is deciding whether to renew a health care plan remembers that she likes her physician but forgets that the plan does not pay for the hip surgery she needs, a suboptimal decision could be made. (47) Corinna and I designed another study with two primary aims: to see whether in a decision context older people would review positive features of options more than negative features; and if this was the case, to see if we could eliminate the effect by modifying goals with instructions. (48) Using computer-based decision scenarios, 60 older and 60 younger adults were presented with positive, negative, and neutral information about ostensible health care options. Some scenarios presented characteristics of physicians. Others presented features of health care plans. The information was hidden behind colored squares, and participants had to click on the square to see the information. They were told that positive information was behind white squares and negative information was behind black squares. We then observed how often participants examined the positive information versus the negative information. Later we tested their memory for the information. As we predicted, older adults reviewed and recalled a greater proportion of positive information than did younger adults. Most important, participants in one group were repeatedly reminded to "focus on the facts" and in this group the preference for positive information disappeared. Human need is the basis for virtually all of science. If we rise to the challenge of an aging population by systematically applying science and technology to questions that improve quality of life in adulthood and old age, longer-lived populations will inspire breakthroughs in the social, physical, and biological sciences that will improve the quality of life at all ages. (49) Longevity science will reveal ways to improve learning from birth to advanced ages and to deter age related slowing in cognitive procession. Longevity science will draw enormously on insights about individuals' genomic predispositions and the environmental conditions that trigger the onset of disease. (50) Longevity science will help us understand how stress slowly but surely affects health. Most of the challenges of longer-lived populations will require interdisciplinary collaborations. Psychological science must be a part of this process.

问答题Laurie lay luxuriously swinging to and fro in his hammock one warm September afternoon, wondering what his neighbors were about, but too lazy to go and find out. He was in one of his moods, for the day had been both unprofitable and unsatisfactory, and he was wishing he could live it over again. The hot weather made him indolent, and he had shirked his studies, tried Mr. Brooke's patience to the utmost, displeased his grandfather by practicing half the afternoon, frightened the maidservants half out of their wits by mischievously hinting that one of his dogs was going mad, and, after high words with the stableman about some fancied neglect of his horse, he had flung himself into his hammock to fume over the stupidity of the world in general, till the peace of the lovely day quieted him in spite of himself. Staring up into the green gloom of the horse-chestnut trees above him, he dreamed dreams of all sorts, and was just imagining himself tossing on the ocean, in a voyage round the world, when the sound of voices brought him ashore in a flash. Peeping through the meshes of his hammock, he saw the Marches coining out, as if bound on some expedition. "What in the world are those girls about now?" thought Laurie, opening his sleepy eyes to take a good look, for there was something rather peculiar in the appearance of his neighbors.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethecartoon,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions: For this part, you are required to write a composition of 120 to 180 words. You should base your composition on the title and outline given below. Will Newspapers Be Replaced by Electronic Media? (1)现在越来越多的人喜欢通过电子媒体收看新闻； (2)于是，很多人提出一个问题：传统报纸会被取代吗? (3)你的看法是……

问答题What do you think of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis? (西安外国语学院2006研)

问答题For the first time in decades, doctors have begun making major changes in the treatment of lung cancer, based on research proving that chemotherapy can significantly lengthen life for many patients for whom it was previously thought to be useless. The shift in care applies to about 50,000 people a year in the United States who have early cases of the most common form of the disease, non-small-cell lung cancer, and whose tumors are removed by surgery. (46) Many of these patients, who just a few years ago would have been treated with surgery alone, are now being given chemotherapy as well, just as it is routinely given after surgery for breast or colon (结肠)cancer. The new approach has brightened a picture that was often bleak. "The benefit is at least as good, and maybe better than in the other cancers," said Dr. John Minna, a lung cancer expert and research director at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. He said new discoveries were helping to eliminate doctors' "nihilistic" attitudes about chemotherapy for lung cancer. "The standard of care has changed," said Dr. Christopher G. Azzoli, a lung cancer specialist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. (47) A major impetus for the change came a year ago, when two studies presented at a cancer conference showed marked increases in survival in patients who received adjuvant (辅助的)chemotherapy, meaning the drugs were given after surgery. In one study of 482 patients in Canada and the United States, led by Dr. Timothy Winton, a surgeon from the University of Alberta, 69 percent of patients who had surgery and chemotherapy were still alive five years later, as compared with 54 percent who had just surgery. The patients were given a combination of two drugs, cisplatin and vinorelbine, once a week for 16 weeks. In the world of lung cancer research, a survival difference of 15 percentage points is enormous. (48) Overall, the patients given chemotherapy lived 94 months, versus 73 months in those who had only surgery--also a huge difference in a field in which a treatment is hailed as a success if it gives patients even three or four extra months. A second study, also announced at the conference last year, had similar findings, and so did a third, presented just a month ago at the annual meeting of the same cancer group, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, At major medical centers, doctors quickly began to put the results into practice. (49) "The findings were so stunning from these studies a year ago that they began to change the standard of care," said Dr. Pasi Janne, a lung cancer specialist at the-Dana Farber Cancer Institute in Boston. "Over the last year, the number of patients we've had referred here for adjuvant chemotherapy has gone up steadily." (50) But some doctors hesitated to make changes, Dr. Winton said, wanting first to see the studies published in a medical journal, which would mean the data had stood up to the scrutiny(仔细的检查) of editors and expert reviewers. Now, his study has become the first of the three to pass that test. It is being published today in The New England Journal of Medicine, along with an editorial by Dr. Katherine M. S. Pisters, a lung cancer specialist at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston.

问答题Directions: Write an essay based on the following pie chart. In your writing, you should 1) interpret the chart, and 2) give your comments. You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.

问答题近年来，海淀区围绕高新技术产业的技术创新和公共科技服务需求，加速各种创新要素的聚集，不断完善科技服务业，基本形成了研发设计、成果转移转化、创新创业、科技金融和科技咨询等科技服务业的完整链条，有效促进了科技成果的转化和产业化。主要概括为“五化”。一、发挥科技资源密集的优势，以企业为主体，以市场为导向，政产学研协同创新；二、鼓励和引导高校和科研院所通过技术转移中心和产业技术研究院的平台开展科技成果转化；三、培育和支持高新技术产业创新、创业服务新业态的发展，推动投资主体多元化、运行机制多样化的孵化器建设；四、进一步推动设立科技金融专营机构，集中力量聚焦战略性新兴产业领域，为轻资产的软件和信息服务业等科技型企业提供全链条的金融支持，五、鼓励知识产权代理机构、信息咨询公司、会计师事务所、法律事务所、投资和管理咨询等专业服务机构为科技型企业提供支持，推动其创新发展。

问答题{{I}}Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of {{B}}How to Cope Effectively with the Stress in Life{{/B}}. as far as your own experience with the problem. Your composition should be no less than 200 English words. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/I}}

问答题Approximant

问答题James Joyce