问答题1) invite him on behalf of your department, 2) tell him the time and place of the conference. 3) promise to give him further details later. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Wang Ling" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题Exports are of two main kinds, goods and services, the former being known as visible items and the second as invisible. Over a period of time the total value of exports should balance with the total value of imports. To the extent that exports exceed imports we are said to have a favorable balance of payments. To the extent that importers exceed exports the balance of payments is said to be unfavorable or adverse. Napoleon once called the British a nation of shopkeepers . That was intended as an insult , but had he called us a nation of traders it could not have been disputed. In Britain we buy and sell more per head of population than the people of any other country. Our island is too small to grow enough food for our people and so we need to eam enough from our exports to sustain our population. One complication of export trade is that each country has its own independent currency system; and another is that many countries impose custom duties or other restrictions on imports. The would-be exporter is faced with a number of problems. First there is the need to find a customer for his goods. The actual operation of selling is made more difficult because of language barriers and cultural differences. There are also additional transport problems because of the greater distances involved and often unfamiliar territories. When the manufacturer turns from selling at home to selling overseas, his problems are magnified. This is particularly true in terms of finance. The first financial problem facing the exporter is the time taken to deliver his goods. There could be a long delay while his merchandise is in transit between London and, say, Karachi. He has incurred the costs of production, but when is he going to be paid? The second problem is even more serious. How sure can he be that he is going to be paid at all? And even when he receives payment his troubles may not be over. If he is paid for his goods in other currency other than sterling, and what if the other currency has fallen in value since the contract is made? These are the perennial problems for the exporter. Fortunately for our exporters and for our economy generally, help is available both from the government and the banks. From the government side, the Export Credits Guarantee Department offers British exporters, in return for a fee, insurance against bad debts incurred as a result of sales to foreign buyers. The Export Intelligence Department also helps by providing them with useful advice and information. The most straightforward method of financing the operations for the exporter is to borrow the necessary funds from his bank. This way he can ship his goods abroad and draw on his bank for the funds needed to carry on production while he is awaiting the proceeds. But of course the borrowings from the bank will lower his p rofit margins. Another method of financing international trade is by documentary credit. A document known as a bill of exchange is drawn by the importer in favor of the exporter and, although the bill of exchange is a very convenient method of payment for oversea trade, once again it serves to reduce the profit margin for the exporter. Questions for reading :

问答题Directions: In this part, you are required to write an essay of no less than 150 words. The essay should be based on the title: Women in the Modern World.

问答题Directions: you are required to write about 200 words on the following topic: "Is it better to set up a bridge or a wail between china and the west?"

问答题电子邮件使我们能够轻而易举地与远方的朋友保持联系。

问答题 6 The Banking Act of 1933, known as the Glass-Steagall Act (格拉斯·斯蒂格尔法案), separated commercial banking and investment banking, where the latter refers specifically to issuing, underwriting, selling, or distributing stock or bond offerings of corporations. Commercial banks had become deeply involved in the sale and distribution of new stock and bond offerings in the 1920s, not always with happy results. 7 There were suspicions that banks on occasion dumped new offerings into trust funds that they managed because they couldn"t sell them to anyone else. 8 To avoid such conflicts of interest, the Banking Act of 1933 divorced commercial from investment banking. Banks involved in both areas were forced to choose one or the other. Commercial banks were allowed to distribute new offerings of federal government securities and "full faith and credit" general obligations of state and local governments. 9 But Glass-Steagall provided that banks could not get involved in new offerings of corporate stocks or bonds or municipal revenue bonds. Revenue bonds differ from general municipal obligations in that they are not backed by the full taxing power of the state or local government; bondholders have a claim only on the revenues of a specific project being financed, such as a toll road or a state university dormitory. 10 The Act was also interpreted as meaning that commercial banks could not offer mutual funds, including money market mutual funds. Commercial banks believe they are being discriminated against by the provisions of the Glass-Steagall Act.

问答题The world's long romance with speed may finally be ending. Even if Concorde (协和式飞机) flies again, its antique nature was revealed as soon as the Paris accident made people scratch their heads and ask quite why these odd aircraft were still flying. Much of the technology that surrounded us has, when we look at it afresh, a Jules Verne quality-solving problems that once seemed important in ways that are ingenious but not necessarily efficient or safe. The reorientation of science toward the biological and computer frontiers is now an old story, but the 19th century fascination with motive power has retained a powerful hold on our imaginations and our economies. 71. Advances in motive power were for a long while the main way in which progress and national competition in technology were measured. First at sea, then on the railways, then on the roads, in the air and finally in space, more and more rapid movement was seen as an Carefree good and also, in some vague way, as a key to a fuller understanding of the world. So intoxicating was this ultimate way in which the growing speed and reach of manmade vehicles could be used that when an unknown rocket enthusiast called Hermann Oberth published his By Rocket To Interplanetary Space in the 1920s, it represented such an escape from the difficulties of the present to the anxious citizens of Weimar Germany (德国魏玛共和国) that it became a bestseller overnight. 72. For individual sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the status of a privileged substance to which, in those early days, only a minority had full access. Mechanized speed made men, and a few women, into heroes, and it remains a commodity to which males, in particular, are attracted. The front of the Boys Own annual of half a century ago would typically feature a speeding train in the middle ground, a fast aeroplane above, and a racing car in the foreground. Disentangling the genuine advantages of speed from its cult aspects has always been a problem, and this was certainly the case in the era in which Concorde was conceived. Land, air and sea speed records had mattered since the 20s in a way inconceivable today. This manic race was run on three tracks-of celebrity sport, of competition between civil industries, and of military development. All three were littered with casualties, whether spectators at Le Mans, Donald Campbell on Coniston Water, or numerous test pilots and astronauts through the years. Britain was slowing down on all three courses when Concorde came along. Indeed the Concorde project survived in part because, as Harold Wilson explained in his memoirs, the agreement with the French was embodied in an international treaty, and they refused even to consider abandoning or postponing the work. "We had little choice but to go on," the then prime minister concluded. His lack of enthusiasm suggests that, long before Concorde flew, some those responsible for it knew that it was not going to be a practical aircraft, and also that the technical spin-off would be less than advertised. The reason was that speed was such as dominant consideration that everything else had to take second place. The result was an aircraft that was both ahead of its tie and behind the times, since the era of small-scale luxury air travel was over. A preoccupation with speed has always gone hand in hand with a preoccupation with safety, the two standards between them providing a way in which advanced states calibrate the state of civilization. Increasing speeds have world lives in constant fear of regression, of losing the scientific and organizational edge that enables it to be both fast and safe. That is one reason why air and sea accidents can attain such mythic status. The disparate treatment of first and third world accidents in the Western press is probably due more to the feeling that accidents are indicators of technical health than to any devaluation of American or Asian lives. Speed still has its kingdom, but it is shrinking. Its limits have long ago been reached on the roads, and its value in the air, even for manned military aircraft, is diminished- agility and protection are as or more important. 73. It is still marginally attractive to make trains go faster. The pursuit of physical speed has been replaced by the pursuit of near instantaneity on the Net, an aim which we may in time come to regard just as skeptically. It is hard to imagine the mood in which David Lean's The Sound Barrier was made in 1952. breaking that barrier seemed to hold the key to a mystery. But there was no mystery. Man can go faster, but that does not mean it is worth doing so.

问答题 Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46){{U}} In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure.{{/U}} The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47){{U}} Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers?{{/U}} Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48){{U}} Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed.{{/U}} During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49){{U}} Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks.{{/U}} Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50){{U}} Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. {{/U}}Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment. Electronic or "cyber" warfare holds the promise of destroying an army's-or even a whole nation's--ability to function without hurting human life. The technology is reaching the point, however, where cyber warfare may be decisive in its own right. 46) In highly centralized military operations, communications and data management have become essential tools linking individual small units and the central command structure. The neutron bomb is one of the most horrid weapons ever devised: It doesn't damage property; it only kills higher life-forms. 47) Wouldn't the opposite be wonderful, a device like the robot's ray in The Day the Earth Stood Stills which melts down weapons but not soldiers? Electronic or "cyber" warfare--hacking into an enemy's computers, jamming radio transmissions, and tile like. The United States has very good electronic warfare capabilities, but has used them only to support conventional military operations. 48 ) Before we imagine what such a "cyberwar" scenario might be like, let's briefly look at how electronic warfare developed. During the Civil War, operations conducted by the Union army against the Confederate telegraph system foretold modern twentieth-century electronic warfare. Union operatives penetrated Confederate lines to tap into and read military traffic on the Confederate telegraph system. 49 ) Not only did these operations yield valuable intelligence information, but some operators even began sending bogus messages to sow confusion in the Confederate ranks. Just before World War I, radio communication seemed like a real boon to naval operations because it allowed ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communications, especially in bad weather. Before this time, flags or light blinkers with limited range provided the only means of communication between ships. Naval ship captains, however, were aware that a sophisticated set of shore-based equipment could locate ships by their radio transmission. By listening to the transmissions, the enemy could ascertain the number and type of ships even if they could not decode actual messages. For this reason, the U. S. Navy was particularly resistant to using radio. However, U. S. military observers aboard British warships soon saw that the tactical advantages of radio outweighed the intelligence losses. Electronic warfare grew rapidly in World War II with the advent of radar. 50 ) Monitoring radar frequencies allowed spoofing or jamming of enemy radar and led to major units and equipment devoted solely to countermeasures and counter-countermeasures. Gathering intelligence from radio transmissions also increased greatly. Today, every modem nation has the capability to monitor, jam, or otherwise interfere with an adversary's radio communications. Most nations have also developed jam-resistant communications and intelligence-gathering equipment.

问答题Voiceless (西安交大2008研)

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. Everyone must have had at least one personal experience with a computer error by this time. Bank balances are suddenly reported to have jumped from 379 into the millions, appeals for charitable contributions are mailed over and over to people with crazy-sounding names at your address, department stores send the wrong bills, utility companies write that they're turning everything off, that sort of thing. 46){{U}}If you manage to get in touch with someone and complain, you then get instantaneously typed, guilty letters from the same computer, saying, "Our computer was in error, and an adjustment is being made in your account."{{/U}} These are supposed to be the sheerest, blindest accidents. Mistakes are not believed to be part of the normal behavior of a good machine. If things go wrong, it must be a personal, human error, the result of fingering, tampering, a button getting stuck, someone hitting the wrong key. The computer, at its normal best, is infallible. I wonder whether this can be true. 47){{U}}After all, the whole point of computers is that they represent an extension of the human brain, vastly improved upon but nonetheless human, superhuman maybe.{{/U}} 48){{U}}A good computer can think clearly and quickly enough to beat you at chess, and some of them have even been programmed to write obscure verse.{{/U}} They can do anything we can do, and more besides. It is not yet known whether a computer has its own consciousness, and it would be hard to find out about this. 49){{U}}When you walk into one of those great halls now built for the huge machines, and stand listening, it is easy to imagine that the faint, distant noises are the sound of thinking.{{/U}} And the turning of the spools gives them the look of wild creatures rolling their eyes in the effort to concentrate, choking with information. But real thinking, and dreaming, are other matters. On the other hand, the evidences of something like an unconscious, equivalent to ours, are all around, in every mail. 50){{U}}As extensions of the human brain, they have been constructed with the same property of error, spontaneous, uncontrolled, and rich in possibilities.{{/U}} Mistakes are at the very base of human thought, embedded there, feeding the structure like root nodules. If we were not provided with the art of being wrong, we could never get anything useful done. We think our way along by choosing between right and wrong alternatives, and the wrong choices have to be made as frequently as the right ones. We get along in life this way. We are built to make mistakes, coded for error.

问答题Directions: For this part, you are supposed to write a composition of about 100-120 words based on the following situation. Remember to write it clearly. 你(Li Yuan)给你的朋友(Jane)写封信，邀请她参加你的生日聚会。信的内容包括： (1)告知对方聚会的具体时间、地点； (2)到达聚会地点的行车路线及便利的交通工具； (3)要求对方就是否能参加聚会作回复。

问答题Dialogue 2 A: Would you like to come with me this morning, oh no, this afternoon? B: For what? A: I want to do some shopping. B: Sorry, I have to finish my assignment today.

问答题Topic：Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises

问答题Directions: In this part you are required to write a composition of no less than 150 words under the title of My Understanding of Internet Age.

问答题介绍信

问答题humanism

问答题Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. 46) Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture . However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case. 47) Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies. Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. 48) When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms . Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively; they made critical change in United States procedures. 49) For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently . Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. 50) Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the spare stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.

问答题Your composition should contain at least 180 words and must be written clearly on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.

问答题Please write an argumentation based on the following topic and elaborate your point of view in about 200 words. Remember to write your composition neatly and clearly on ANSWER SHEET II. Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time. Which do you prefer — planning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice.