问答题While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once showed its close relationship with literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. During this transfer traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The Theory of Continental Drift has had a long and turbulent history since it was first proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1910. (46){{U}}Vigorously challenged yet widely ignored, the theory had languished for half a century, primarily due to its lack of a plausible mechanism to support the proposed drift.{{/U}} With the discovery of sea-floor spreading in the late 1950's and early 60's, the idea was reinvigorated. Plate tectonics is now almost universally accepted. Many details of the mechanism are to be worked out. The surface of the Earth is divided into approximately six large plates, plus a number of smaller ones. The plates are bounded by an interconnected network of ridges, transform faults, and trenches. Ridges, also called spreading centers, occur where two plates are moving away from each other. As the plates separate, hot molten mantle material flows up to fill the void. (47) {{U}}The increased heat resulting from this flow reduces the density of the plates, causing them to float higher, thus elevating the boundaries by many thousands of feet above the colder surrounding sea floor.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}Ridges on the ocean floor form the longest continuous ranges of mountains on the planet, but only in a very few places on the Earth do these mountains rise above the ocean surface.{{/U}} New sea floor is constantly being created along spreading centers. Obviously somewhere else old sea floor must be going away. This occurs in trenches, also called subduction zones. Trenches occur along the boundary between two plates that are moving towards each other. (49) {{U}}Where this occurs, one plate is bent downwards at about a 40o angle and plunges under the other plate's leading edge, eventually to melt back into the liquid mantle below.{{/U}} As the suhducting plate is heated back up to mantle temperatures, certain minerals in the plate melt sooner than others. (50) {{U}}Minerals that melt at lower temperatures and are lighter than the surrounding material tend to rise, melting their way up through the overriding plate to erupt as volcanoes on the ocean floor.{{/U}} As these volcanoes grow, they rise above the ocean surface to form lines of islands along the leading edge of the overriding plate. Numerous islands of Micronesia and Melanesia in the western Pacific were created in this way.

问答题In the span of 18 months, Isaac Newton invented calculus, constructed a theory of optics, explained how gravity works and discovered his laws of motion. As a result, 1665 and the early months of 1666 are termed his annus mirabilis. (46) It was a sustained sprint of intellectual achievement that no one thought could ever be equaled. But in a span of a few years just before 1900, it all began to unravel. One phenomenon after another was discovered which could not be explained by the laws of classical physics. (47) The theories of Newton, and of James Clerk Maxwell who followed him in the mid-19th century by crafting a more comprehensive account of electromagnetism, were in trouble. Then, in i905, a young patent clerk named Albert Einstein found the way forward. In five remarkable papers, he showed that atoms are real (it was still controversial at the time), presented his special theory of relativity, and put quantum theory on its feet. It was a different achievement from Newton's year, but Einstein's annus mirabilis was no less remarkable. He did not, like Newton, have to invent entirely new forms of mathematics. However, he had to revise notions of space and time fundamentally. (48) And unlike Newton, who did not publish his results for nearly 20 years, so obsessed was he with secrecy and working out the details, Einstein released his papers one after another, as a fusillade of ideas. For Einstein, it was just a beginning--he would go on to create the general theory of relativity and to pioneer quantum mechanics. While Newton came up with one system for explaining the World, Einstein thus came up with two. Unfortunately, his discoveries--relativity and quantum theory--contradict one another. Both cannot be true everywhere, although both are remarkably accurate in their respective domains of the very large and the very small. Einstein would spend the last years of his life attempting to reconcile the two theories, and failing. (49) But then, no one else has succeeded in fixing the problems either, and Einstein was perhaps the one who saw them most clearly. When Einstein was awarded a Nobel prize, in 1921, it was for the first of his papers of 1905, which proved the existence of photons--particles of light. (50) Up until that paper, completed on March 17th and published in Annalen der Physik (as were the other 1905 papers), light had been supposed to be a wave, since this explains the interference patterns created when it passes through a grating. Einstein, however, began from a different premise, by considering the so-called "black-body experiment".

问答题Syntactic analysis. The following are two declarative-question pairs, as given in(la, lb)and(2a, 2b).(1a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(1b)Was the boy who is sleeping dreaming?(2a)The boy who is sleeping was dreaming.(2b)* Is the boy who sleeping was dreaming?Draw a tree diagram for sentence(la)and sentence(lb)respectively. Then answer the questions.Question 1: What syntactic mechanism(s)operate(s)to derive the structure of sentence (lb)from the structure of sentence(la)? Question 2: Why sentence(2b)is ungrammatical?

问答题However, the way in which they take care of these needs depends on the culture in which they grow up.

问答题The differences between psychometric-structuralist and psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approaches to testing.

问答题这本《中国文化读本》的出版正当其时。全书不仅对中国文化一些有特色的内容和亮点做了具体生动的介绍，而且力求讲出中国文化的精神，讲出中国文化的内在意味，讲出中国文化的核心价值，力求进一步展示中国人的心灵世界、文化性格、生活态度和审美情趣，并注意发掘中国文化中具有普世价值的意义世界。他们希望这本读物不仅能向国内外读者通俗地介绍中国文化，而且能提供一个新颖的视角来对中国文化进行有深度的认识。只有这种有深度的认识，才能照亮中国文化的本来面貌。我赞同他们的这种努力和追求。 该书写得有声有色，读起来有“活的风味”。书中写到了紫禁城、天坛、兵马俑、民居建筑等一处处有形实物，又写到了书法、绘画、园林、京剧、瓷器等一件件艺术作品。

问答题Answer the following question.(10%)How did the blacks suffer in American history? What is their current situation?

问答题Synchronic linguistics

问答题As civilization proceeds in the direction of technology, it passes the point of supplying ai1 the basic essentials of life--food, shelter, clothes, and warmth. 46) Then we either raise our standard of living above the necessary for comfort and happiness or leave it at this level and work shorter hours. Mankind has probably chosen the latter alternative. Men will be working shorter and shorter hours in their paid employment. And the great majority of the housewives will wish to be relieved completely of the routine operations of the home such as washing the clothes or washing up. 47) By far the most logical step to relieve the housewife of routine is to provide a robot slave which can be trained to meet the requirements of a particular home and can be programmed to carry out half a dozen or more standard operations, when so switched by the housewife. 48) It will be a machine having no more emotions than a car, but having a memory for instructions and a limited degree of instructed or built-in adaptability according to the positions in which it finds various types of objects. It will operate other more specialized machines, for example, the vacuum cleaner or clothes-washing machine. There are no problems in the production of such a domestic robot to which we do not have already the glimmering of a solution. When I have discussed this kind of device with housewives, some 90 percent of them have the immediate reaction, "How soon can I buy one?" The other 10 percent have the reaction, "I would be terrified to have it moving about my house. " 49) But when one explains to them that it could be switched off or unplugged or stopped without the slightest difficulty, or made to go and put itself away in a cupboard at any time, they quickly realize that it is a highly desirable object. 50) Now it is generally recognized that there is no greater pleasure than to go to bed in the evening and know that the washing up is being done downstairs after one is asleep. Most families are now delighted, no doubt, to have a robot slave doing all the downstairs housework after they were in bed at night.

问答题How well, in your opinion, does the word "communication" represent the function of human language?（北二外2008研)

问答题For this part, you are asked to write a composition of no less than 150 words on “Computers: Our Electronic Brain”. Use at least one example to support your view point. Remember to write clearly.

问答题EachofthefollowingcolumnsillustratesadifferentmorphologicalprocessinEnglish:YouarerequiredtonamethetypeofmorphologicalprocessatworkinColumn1,Column2,Column3andColumn4,respectively.

问答题Time, Newsweek, and U. S. News ＆ World Report are popular newsmagazines. The present national and international news, stories of human interest, and reports on new books, movies, plays, sports events, fashions, foods and so on are included. The articles are written in an informal style, and they are illustrated with photographs. More than nine million people read newsmagazines regularly. Two picture magazines Life and Look enjoyed popularity for many years. They presented the news with simple texts and many photographs, and they remained among the most widely read magazines until the late 1960s. Some people think these picture magazines were forced out of business because they could not compete successfully with the live pictures on televised news programs. Today there are approximately I 750 daily newspapers, with a total circulation of over 62 million and more than 580 Sunday papers, with a circulation of almost 60 million.

问答题Directions:Title: The Teacher-Student RelationshipOutline:1. A good teacher-student relationship benefits both teaching and learning.2. A teacher's behaviour is important for the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship.3. What should a student do for the establishment of a good teacher-student relationship?You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming the question "Does John like the book?/

问答题Directions:Read the following text carefully and the translate the underlines segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It has long been suspected that only a minority of cancer cells can seed new trumours, and now the theory has finally been confirmed{{/U}}. The discovery promises to open up new avenues for developing more effective cancer therapies. In 1997, it was found that only a small subset of cancer cells taken from patients with acute leukemia can cause the disease when injected into mice. {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Intriguingly, these cells, identified by Dominique Bonnet and John Dick at the University of Toronto in Canada, were similar to the stem cells found in bone marrow that mature into blood and immune cells{{/U}}. But no such cells had ever been discovered in solid tumors such as breast cancer. Now Michael Clarke and his colleagues at the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor have found them. {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}The team started by implanting tiny pieces of brest cancer tissue from nine women into the breats of female mice with weakened immune system{{/U}}. All the mice eventually developed tumours. The researchers then made up suspensions of cells taken from the tumours and injected them into mice. The suspensions contained all the cell types found in the tumour. When the mice were injected with 5000 or more cells, they caused cancer every time. But when just 1000 cells were injected, only a quarter of the mice developed tumors. This must mean that there were not enough of the cancer-causing cells in the smaller samples to initiate a tumor, Clarke reasoned. {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}To zero in on the tumor-making cells, his team sorted the different cells types by using antibodies that attached to different proteins on their cell surfaces{{/U}}. They then injected the separate cell types into mice. Clarke's team found that many cell types did not cause cancer at all. But tumours were consistently produced by as few as 200 cells of a type that expressed surface proteins called CD (44) and EAS and were deficient in a protein called CD(24). {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}"This small number of cells is able to give rise to a tumour just as rapidly as 50,000 unsorted cells, " says Clarke, whose findings will be published in a future issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences{{/U}}. The tumors produced by these rare cells contained the entire gamut of cells found in the original cancerous tissue, including those incapable of forming new tumors. This suggests that, like stem cells, they can make many different cell types. The cells are similar to epithelial stem cells, which also express CD (44) and ESA on their surfaces. "This has huge implications for therapeutics, " says Clarke. "We can figure out how to target these cells." Bbonnet, who now works for Cancer Research UK, calls the work "seminal".