问答题The years between 1870 and 1895 brought enormous changes to the theater in the United States as the resident company was undermined by touring groups, as New York became the only major Center of production, and as the long run replaced the repertory (库存) system. By 1870, the resident stock company was at the peak of its development in the United States. The 50 permanent companies of 1870, however, had dwindled to 20 by 1878, to 8 by 1880, to 4 by 1887, and had almost disappeared by 1900. While the causes of this change are numerous, probably the most important was the rise of the "combination" company (that is, one that travels with stars and full company): Sending out a complete production was merely a logical extension of touring by stars. By the 1840's many major actors were already taking along a small group of lesser players, for they could not be sure that local companies could supply adequate support in secondary roles. There is much disagreement about the origin of the combination company. Bouciault claimed to have initiated it around 1860 when he sent out a troupe with Colleen Bawn, but a book published in 1859 speaks of combination companies as already established. Joseph Jefferson HI also declared that he was a pioneer in the movement. In actuality, the practice probably began tentatively during the 1850's, only to be interrupted by the Civil War. It mushroomed in the 1870's, as the rapid expansion of the railway system made it increasingly feasible to transport full productions. In 1872, Lawrence Barrett took his company, but no scenery, on tour; in 1876, Rose Michel was sent out with full company, scenery, and properties. By the season of 1876～1877 there were nearly 100 combination companies on the road, and by 1886 there were 282.

问答题只有在黄山，你才可以欣赏到如此的美景。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The environmental and social costs of closing and rehabilitating(恢复)old and abandoned mines around the world are likely in trillions of dollars, and far beyond the capability of mining companies alone to deal with, Sir Robert Wilson, chairman of London-based metals giant Rio Tinto Plc said on Tuesday. 46){{U}}Wilson told Reuters at a mining industry conference on sustainable development in Toronto that a recent estimate puts rehabilitation costs just in the United States, where regulation is stricter than in many other countries, at ＄35 billion{{/U}}. "If you look at where the real problems are, in Russia, Eastern Europe, South Africa, India, ina, the extent of the (mine) legacy issues is normous, and it's totally beyond the capability of this industry, either financially or technically, to make a meaningful contribution to that," Wilson said. 47){{U}} "Huge" and "gigantic" were other terms being tossed around to describe the problem of old and abandoned mines at the three-day Global Mining Initiative meeting in Toronto, which is being held in preparation for the World Summit for Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in August.{{/U}} But attempts were few at fixing an exact cost on what the industry calls "heritage issues"—the environmental destruction and tears in the social fabric left over from a 100 years of mining projects that no one has taken responsibility for. Prod they are still happening, some experts at the conference said. James Kuipers, of the U.S. Center for Science in Public Participation, which provides technical services to local and tribal governments, said his group estimates that 95 percent of operating mines in the United States have only vague plans for dealing with the environmental consequences of shutting down, such as the pollution of local water courses. 48){{U}}He said that in cases where owners have just walked away or gone bankrupt, it is the taxpayer that has been stuck with the liability{{/U}}. "The public no longer favors new mining in the United States, and mistrusts existing mines," he added. Wilson told Reuters that most large, established companies are able to come to terms with mine closures. Rio Tinto and several other big companies make serious provisions for environmental and social rehabilitation as the planning stages of their projects, he said. 49){{U}}"But there are some particular areas of concern for large gold operations in the United States, which have got quite a substantial environmental heritage{{/U}}. I know that is worrying one or two companies quite a lot in terms of the potentially very large liabilities that will be crystallized(明确)on closure. There are going to be some companies that are going to be sweating on this a bit," he said. 50){{U}} Many delegates at the conference stressed that governments must become more involved in the issues of mine closings and Kuipers suggested taxing metals consumption to help pay for the clean-up.{{/U}} Some said a global closure fund should be created with contributions from industry, government and institutions. But World Bank official Monika Weber Fahr, who noted that the World Bank is the No. 1 source of mine-closing finances, warned that knowing there is a back-up would encourage irresponsibility. "It should be the polluter that should be paying," she said.

问答题由于你去图书馆借书时发现图书馆的大部分电脑在键盘操作上都有问题，并且图书馆购买新书或者订购学术性期刊的工作效率低下，同时自习室的照明设备也不够明亮。 你希望图书馆能够提高其服务质量。

问答题Translate the following passages into Chinese. The spring of life, and the spring of the year were alike meant to be cradled in the green lap of Nature. To us, in the town, spring brings but its cold winds and drizzling rains. We must seek it amongst the leafless wood, and the brambly lanes, on the heathy moors, and the great, still hills, if we want to feel its joyous breath, and hear its silent voices. There is a glorious freshness in the spring there. The scurrying clouds, the open bleakness, the rushing wind, and the clear bright air, thrill one with vague energies and hopes. Life, like the landscape around us, seems bigger, and wider, and freer—a rainbow road, leading to unknown ends. Through the silvery rents that bar the sky, we seem to catch a glimpse of the great hope and grandeur that lies around this little throbbing world, and a breath of its scent is wafted us on the wings of the wild March wind.

问答题Directions: Your company intends to purchase some car parts. Now it has received a fax offer (传真报价单). Write a letter to the sales department of a car parts company to express your: 注: Should this transaction prove to be successful是虚拟条件句的省略形式，也可以写为If this transaction should prove to be successful。 1) thanks for the fax offer, 2) willingness to accept all the terms except price, and 3) request of reduction in price. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Total Depravity

问答题Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homonymy vs. polysemy

问答题Directions: Study the following graph carefully and write an essay of 160-200 words. Your essay should cover these three points: ·explain the chart ·provide possible reasons for this phenomenon ·draw a conclusion 年份 1990年 2000年 2009年 人数(人) 500 2000 6000 某城市1990-2009年出国人数变化表

问答题Directions:Forthispart,you"rerequiredtowriteacompositionwithatleast120wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.PleaseentitleandwriteitontheAnswerSheet."Peoplewhowearstheshoesistheonlyonewhoknowsiftheyaresuitable."

问答题Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets, newsletters and broadsides. Noted one observer: "The coffee houses particularly are very commodious for a free conversation, and for reading at an easie rate all manner of printed news." Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, the New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media. Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social, diverse and partisan, reviving the discursive ethos of the era before mass media.

问答题Because the ancient Egyptians defined the hour as one-twelf of the time from dawn to dusk, its length varied during the course of the year.

问答题这几个省的强队一致宣布他们将参加下一届全国足球赛。

问答题debt ceiling

问答题今天，我们在探索自己的发展道路时，坚持从中国国情出发，来解决如何进行经济政治文化建设的问题，而不照搬别国的模式。在处理国际事务中，我们采取独立自主的立场和政策。中国人民珍惜同各国人民的友谊与合作，也珍惜自己经过长期奋斗而得来的独立自主权利。

问答题George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four was far more prescient than any person who grew up in the middle decades of the 20th century. It was centered on the very special technology (information technology, as we call it now) that would in fact emerge and shape the world over the next two generations. The centerof the success of the vast totalitarian empire was called the telescreen, a wall-sized panel display that could simultaneously send and receive images from each individual household to a hovering Big Brother. The telescreen was what permitted the vast centralization of social lift, for it allowed the government to banish privacy by motoring every word and deed over a massive network of wires. With at least a half century separating us from the publication of the book, we can see that while the technological predications he made were startling accurate, but the political predications were entirely wrong. As Peter Huber has argued, the personal computer, linked to the Internet, was In fact the realization of Orwell's telescreen. But it hasn't an instrument of centralization of access to information and the decentralization of politics.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingpiechartscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethepiecharts,2)analyzetheirmeaningand3)suggestcountermeasures.Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Supposeyouareamemberofstaffatthelibraryinyouruniversity.Yourlibraryplanstopurchasesomenewbooks.Writealettertothepublishinghousewhichincludes:(1)thepurposeofwritingtheletter;(2)anenquiryaboutdetailedinformationonthenewbooks;(3)anenquiryaboutapossiblediscount.Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.

问答题Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese．Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET．Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay． 中国人需要一场“膳食革命” 在我国城乡，与膳食密切相关的慢性非传染性疾病患病率上升迅速，铁、维生素A等营养素缺乏普遍存在。进一步分析表明，导致慢性病发生的肥胖等重要因素还会大幅度增加。这将严重影响我国居民的健康素质和寿命，加重疾病负担。因此，中国人迫切需要来一场膳食革命。 膳食革命的“八字方针”：调整、维持、控制、增加。 1．调整：调整进食顺序 近年来，不论是宴会的上菜程序，还是大多数人的生活习惯，均是饭后吃水果，这等于是在吃饱或是吃得过饱的基础上，再添加食物。因此，这部分热能几乎全部被储存起来，从而加重了超重和肥胖问题。因此，成年人最好在每顿饭前吃水果(柿子等不宜在饭前吃的水果除外)。儿童正处于长身体时期，部分妇女属于中医讲的“脾胃虚寒”体质，不宜或不适合饭前吃水果。这部分人群可在两顿饭之间加食一次水果，而不要在饭后立即吃水果。 2．维持：维持高纤维素摄入和食物多样化 摄入较多纤维素是中国传统饮食的一个明显特点，非常有利于健康，需要继续坚持。近十年来，我国城市居民膳食中蔬菜的进食量持续下降，谷物也明显低于合理水平，应该改正这一不良趋势。食物多样化是中国传统饮食的另一显著特点，非常符合保持健康的要求。一个吸收消化正常的人，只要做到了食物多样化，就绝对不需要膳食增补剂或保健品等。每天都应该争取吃够五种水果或五种蔬菜。 3．控制：控制肉类、油脂、盐的摄入量 现在我国居民膳食中肉、油脂类的量及比例明显增加，其提供的热能所占的比例已大大超过合理的结构。 中国传统饮食中盐的使用量也过多。中国营养学会推荐每人每天油脂的适宜摄入量为25克，每人日均食盐摄入量为6克(相当于成人拇指盖大小的一汤勺一平勺)。 4．增加：增加水果、奶、谷物及薯类食物 经常进食水果会防病、抗衰老，所以首先要增加水果的进食量，使水果成为每顿饭必不可少的成分。牛奶中含有大量人体所必需的营养素，且极易被身体吸收利用，尤其可以补充我国居民日常膳食中摄入量严重不足的钙。中国人每日应补充400毫升牛奶。谷类中植物蛋白、B族维生素、不饱和脂肪酸及纤维素的含量较高。薯类为低脂、高纤维、富含矿物质的食物。每日膳食中不应只有大米、白面，而应尽可能地多进食其他谷物和薯类。 总之，中国人当前的饮食习惯必须尽快来一场彻底变革，恢复原有的健康的膳食结构，增加身体必需的食物种类，把握好每日进食量与消耗的平衡。只有这样，才能消除糖尿病、高血压、冠心病得慢性病发生，提高健康水平。