问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm the United States. (46) {{U}}Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired—rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.{{/U}} The lack of importance attached to human-resource management call be seen in the corporation hierarchy. In an American firm the chief officer is almost always second in command. (47) {{U}}The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chances to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO).{{/U}} By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm hierarchy.(48) {{U}}While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms.{{/U}}The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive.(49) {{U}}If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those is lower in Germany than it is the United States.{{/U}} (50){{U}} More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed.{{/U}} The result is slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

问答题The advantage and disadvantage of a large population have long been a subject of discussion. It has been argued that the supply of good land is limited. To feed a large population, inferior land must be cultivated and the good land worked intensively. Thus each person produced less and this means a lower average income than could be obtained with a small population. Other economists have argued that a large population gives more scope for specialization and the development of facilities such as ports, roads and railways, which are not likely to be built unless there is a big demand to justify them. One of the difficulties in carrying out a world-wide birth control program lies in the fact that official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country, depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing country where a vastly expanded population is pressing hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, it will be the first concern of government to place a limit on the birthrate, whatever the consequences may be. In a highly industrialized society the problem may be more complex. A decreasing birthrate may lead to unemployment because it results in a declining market for manufactured goods. When the pressure of population on housing declines, prices also decline and the building industry is weakened. Faced with considerations such as these, the government of a developed country may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population, rather than one which is stable or declines.

问答题只要有趣他什么都愿意干。

问答题This part is to test jour practical writing ability. You are required to write A Letter of Suggestion according to the information given in Chinese. Your writing should contain 100 words. Write it on the Answer Sheet. 你叫张新，与李明是好朋友，在不同大学读书。你得知他沉迷于(indulge in)网络游戏(online game—playing)，影响了学习，期末考试有几门课程不及格。请你给他写封信，说明沉迷于网络游戏的危害，劝他珍惜大学时光，学好专业知识。 温馨提示：不可将上述内容直接翻译成英语；信中不能出现考生的真实姓名与校名。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (46) {{U}}"Popular art" has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision, which range from folklore to junk, with poles being clear enough but the middle tending to blur.{{/U}} The Hollywood Western of the 1930's, for example, has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music—folk themes—in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a different one: he took a popular genre—bourgeois melodrama set to music (an accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)—and, without altering its fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. (47) {{U}}This remains one of the greatest achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing the essential trashiness of the genre.{{/U}} As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical political elements of nineteenth-century opera. (48){{U}}Generally in the plots of these operas, a hero or heroine—usually portrayed only as an individual, unrestrained by class—is caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity of the leaders of the civilians.{{/U}} Verdi transforms this naive and unlike formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself. Or consider Verdi's treatment of character. (49) {{U}}Before Verdi, there were rarely any characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the singers to express a series of emotional state.{{/U}} Any attempt to find coherent psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence was the singer's vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi's characters, on the other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is achieved through the music: (50) {{U}}once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite his music for different singers or allow alterations or substitutions of somebody else's arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer had done.{{/U}} When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and effectiveness.

问答题在21世纪，人们可以在家从网上轻松购物。

问答题What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?

问答题pseudotranslation

问答题International Monetary Fund

问答题Emergency room

问答题Asians feel there will be less unfair treatment in areas like mathematics and science because they will be judged more objectively.

问答题Export shipping-Modes of transportation When faced with the decision of selecting a mode of transportation, the exporter has five basic types available from which to choose, depending, of course, upon the geographical proximity[1] of the countries of export and import: ocean, air, rail, truck, and inland water. A sixth alternative is pipeline which transports very specialized products. The choice between available methods of transportation is usually determined by a combination of cost , time , and security. Ocean transportation is by far the most dominant mode of international transportation , and air transport is the most glamorous and fastest growing. The significance of the other basic types of international transportation varies depending upon the countries involved. For example,rail and truck shipments do not constitute a significant portion of the export transactions of the United States, except perhaps for those that involve buyers in Canada. In contrast,these transport modes carry large amounts of export goods among the countries of Europe. Similarly,inland waterways are not important carriers of goods between countries except in Europe where waterways such as the Rhine and Danube rivers carry large amounts of goods among the countries through which they flow. Often the use of these relatively less important modes of transport depends upon the nature of specific products in unique geographic situations. The use of trucks to haul fresh produce from northem Mexico to the United States illustrates this practice. Ocean transportation is widely used because it is a relatively low-cost way to transport goods, and it can easily handle large shipments. In addition, certain geographic conditions may make it impossible to use overland transportation to some foreign markets and infeasible[2] to use it to others. Many diverse types of products are being transported to foreign markets by air in large volume-computers, office machines, electrical and electronic equipment, automobile parts, television sets, pharmceuticals[3], certain metal manufactures, and wearing apparel to name but a few. Thus , even with existing technology, it is evident that air cargo movements are no longer confined to fast shipments of emergency supplies, goods of high value , ( for example ,jewel) and perishable products ( for example , fresh flowers) , although it is widely used for such products. Not only is time in transit reduced from a minimum of 10 days to a few hours, but also less handling and simpler packing requirements are involved. Time in transit is but one of the so-called hidden costs that may be relevant. For example,concerning time in transit and the ability to put a facility to use sooner ( thus avoiding lost sales) ,a West German company bought 230 hosiery-knitting machines[4] from a US manufacturer. The machines were shipped by air at a cost of USD 224 per unit which was considerably greater than the ocean rate of USD37. 80 per unit. Delivery time was shortened by 10 days giving the Cerman manufacturer the opportunity to produce 207 000 pairs of hosiery, which apparently offset the transportation cost. Small shipments may be sent by intemational parcel post, air parcel post, or air couner service rather than pay the higher minimum bill of lading charges for ocean freight or air shipment. While larger shipments are charged on the basis of weight or measurement,very small shipments are charged a set flat fee because of the costs involved in documentation and handling. The method of transportation is usually selected by the importer. The route selected for the export shipment may be determined by either the exporter or the importer. In practice , the importer should indicate the route he or she thinks is most desirable. The final selection of the exact route,however,should generally be left to the discretion[5] of the exporter, since the exporter is more fully acquainted with conditions surrounding the shipment in the country from which it is sent, and particularly the immediate conditions at time of shipment. [1]接近 [2]不可行的 [3]医药的 [4]针织品编织机 [5]判断力 Questions for reading :

问答题It is beyond our imagination that what exist on that distant planet.

问答题 1 The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods, hurricanes and early snowstorms also deserves credit for encouraging plant growth and helping to control the pollutant linked to global warming, a new study shows. El Nino—the periodic warming of eastern Pacific Ocean waters—causes a burst of plant growth throughout the world, and this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, researchers have found. 2 The new study shows that natural weather events, such as the brief warming caused by El Nino, have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and how much of the gas is expelled by the soil. Atmospheric carbon dioxide, or CO 2 , has been increasing steadily for decades. This is thought to be caused by an expanded use of fossil fuels and by toppling of tropical forests. Scientists have linked the CO 2 rise to global warming, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. 3 Alarmed, nations of the world now are drawing up new conservation policies to reduce fossil fuel burning, in hopes of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But David Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, a co-author of the new study, says that before determining how much to reduce fossil fuel burning we should consider the effects of natural climate variations on the ability of plants to absorb CO 2 . Schimel said satellite measurements of CO 2 , plant growth and temperature show that natural warming events such as El Nino at first cause more CO 2 to be released into the atmosphere, probably as the result of accelerated decay of dead plant matter in the soil. But later, within two years, there is an explosion of growth in forests and grasslands, which means plants suck more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. "We think that there is a delayed response in vegetation and soil to the warming effects of such phenomena as El Nino, and this leads to increased plant growth," said Schimel. 4 However, he said, it is not clear whether the warming by El Nino causes a net decrease in the buildup of CO2 over the long haul. "We don"t really know that yet, "said Schimel. What the study does show, however, is that the rise and fall of CO 2 in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by natural changes in global temperature, said B.H. Braswell of the University of New Hampshire, another co-author of the study. Braswell said that in years when the global weather is cooler than normal, there is a decrease in both the decay of dead plants and in new plant growth. This causes an effect that is the opposite of El Nino warming: CO 2 atmosphere levels first decline and later increase. 5 "I think we have demonstrated that the ecosystem has a lot more to do with climate change than was previously believed, " said Braswell, "Focusing on the role of human activity in climate change is important, but manmade factors are not the only factors."

问答题When proprietary information is a concern, remember that nondisclosure agreements may be a part of one's specifications, and that firms may be evaluated based on their compliance. While vital technologies and product development plans must be protected, foreign sourcing partners must have adequate information to enable them to perform to specifications. If the information is simply too sensitive to share, that may be an argument for making the " make" decision rather than " buy" in considering outsourcing at the outset.

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问答题Consider the following statements. When do we say Statement A entails Statement B? When do we say Statement A presupposes Statement B? Does Statement A necessarily entail Statement C? Why? Do Statements A and D both presuppose Statement B? Why?(南京大学2008研)A. Jack"s brother has gone bankrupt.B. Jack has a brother.C. Jack"s sibling has gone bankrupt.D. Jack"s brother has not gone bankrupt.

问答题无神论