问答题(46) A "scientific" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. 47) If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic as they were by these "scientific" thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard: for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. 48) Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances--real or fictional--that are similar to our own circumstances. 49) Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears. Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the "scientific" view leaves out. If it is weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. 50) But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action must either be liars themselves or be very naive. Pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic. (447 words)Notes: rhetoric修辞学。discourse 论文，讲演，语篇。as it were 可以说是，姑且这么说。
问答题指出下列推理是演绎推理还是归纳推理，并简单说明理由。 1杨树能进行光合作用，槐树能进行光合作用，柳树能进行光合作用，所以，凡绿色植物都能进行光合作用。 2既然绿色植物都能通过光合作用把水和二氧化碳转化为糖类而放出氧，所以，梧桐树也不例外。
问答题一个正确的三段论，其大前提是特称否定命题，这个三段论的小前提和结论各是什么命题?它属于第几格?为什么?
问答题Directions:ThegraphsbelowshowthetypesofmusicalbumspurchasedbypeopleinBritainaccordingtosexandage.Writeareportforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshownbelow.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
问答题在“相容关系就是非全异关系，它包括全同关系、真包含于关系、真包含关系，交叉关系和差等关系”这段话中，关于“相容关系”的定义和划分是否正确?如不正确，违反了什么规则?犯了何种逻辑错误?
问答题马克思主义是不怕批评的。因为马克思主义是一种科学真理。如果马克思主义害怕批评，如果可以批评倒，那么，马克思主义就没有用了。 试指出上述论证的论题、论证方法。
问答题试分析以下省略三段论，要求：1指出它省略了哪一部分；2把它恢复成完整的三段论；3指出它属于哪一格；4分析它是否正确。 主观不就是好与人争论吗?所以，你主观。
问答题在学术讨论会上，老张说：“这篇论文颇有新意，是很有学术价值的。”老李说：“它的主要观点已有人讲过，并非有什么学术价值。”老王对张、李二人的意见都不赞同。老赵则认为，二人的看法都不是没有道理的。 请问老王和老赵的议论是否违反逻辑规律的要求?为什么?
问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressay,youshould:1)describethedrawingbriefly;2)explainitsintendedmeaningandthen3)stateyourpointsofview.YonshouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
问答题“你的观点是错误的，我批评你的观点，我的观点必然正确；既然我的观点正确，那你的观点必错。” 这一论证违反什么规则?请简析之。
问答题以下三段论是否正确?如不正确，指出它违反了哪条规则。 无一天体是固定不变的，太阳是天体，所以，太阳是固定不变的。
问答题上海某宾馆来了A、B、C三位客人，现已知： ①如果A和B都来自北京，那么C就来自昆明； ②并非C来自杭州或昆明； ③只有B来自北京，C才不是来自杭州。 请问：A是否来自北京?写出推导过程。 设：A表示“A来自北京”，B表示“B来自北京”，C1表示“C来自昆明”，C2表示“C来自杭州”
问答题写出下列三段论的推理式，指出其格与式，并根据三段论规则说明其是否有效。 “并非所有细菌都有毒；并非所有生物都是细菌；所以，并非所有生物都有毒。”
问答题下列各题运用了哪种探求因果联系的逻辑方法?并说明理由。 1棉花能保温，积雪也能保持地面温度。据测定，新降落的雪有40％—50％的空气间隙。棉花是植物纤维，雪是由水汽在空中直接凝结而成的，彼此间很不相同，但它们都是疏松多孔的。可见，疏松多孔的东西可能有保温作用。 21942年2月，英国发现许多炮瞄雷达有时突然受到干扰，当时猜想可能是德国使用了某种反雷达的新式武器。可是，经过科学工作者多次研究，发现当
问答题Most marketing operations pay close attention to what young people are buying and thinking. Not Britain's political parties, however, for the simple reason that the under-30s are unlikely to go anywhere near a polling booth. In 1964, 11% of those aged 18 to 24 claimed not to vote, according to the British Election Study. At the general election last year that figure rose to 55%. 46. A report this week by Reform, a think-tank, suggests that this reticence is costing them dearly. Changes in government policy, it argues, have turned being young into a terrible bore. 47. There are already two powerful economic forces working against the so-called "IPOD generation" that are beyond the government's control. First, the ageing of the population is fast increasing the ratio of people in retirement to those of working age. So the young can look forward to handing over a rising proportion of their pay to support the oldies in their decline. Second, the cost of buying a house in places where people want to live has shot up beyond the reach of the young. In 1995 24% of all first-time homebuyers were under 25 ; today, less than 15% are, according to the Halifax, a bank. This much is uncontroversial. But the report also argues that the Labour government has made life worse for young people, in three ways. First, increased spending on health care has tended to benefit the old, who 'use the NHS more than the young. Second, tilting the tax and benefit system towards people with children has transferred money from the young to the middle-aged. Third, higher tuition fees are landing university graduates with hefty debts. 48．And the future doesn't look much better: the government's proposed pension reforms, along with the decline of defined-benefit company-pension schemes, make grim reading for the under-30s too. "These changes ought to have brought about a re-examination of the burden of taxation on this age group," says Nick Bosanquet of Imperial College London, one of the authors of the report, tie reckons that, after paying various taxmen and lenders, graduates take home only around half of their salaries. The average for all salaried workers is about three-fifths. Are things really that bad? When examined in a freeze-frame, being young does not look much fun financially. But welfare states are meant to transfer resources from the vigorous to the fragile. Some benefits are merely deferred: today's 25-year-olds will have babies and hip replacements one day. 49．And although people in their 20s and 30s tend to be heavily indebted this passes when they sink into their 40s and 50s, says Richard Disney of Nottingham University. Even so, the feeling that young people are being squeezed presents a political opportunity for the opposition parties. 50．David Willetts, the Conservative shadow education secretary, said in a speech last year that the young "could be forgiven for believing that the way in which economic and social policy is now conducted is little less than a conspiracy by the middle- aged" against them_. The Liberal Democrat commission on tax policy worried in August about inter-generational unfairness too. There will be more of such talk. For the Tories, it offers a way to discuss reducing spending without sounding as if they are merely the mouthpiece of the wealthy. It gives Lib Dem leaders a way to argue activists out of promising to out-spend Labour. And it might even persuade some of those gloomy 25-year-olds to vote.
问答题甲、乙、丙三人同时参加高考，结果只有一人考上。老师让他们三人猜谁考上了。 甲猜：乙考上了。 乙猜：丙考上了。 丙猜：我没考上。 老师听后说，只有一人没猜对，两人猜对了。请问谁考上了。
问答题已知：①若甲和乙都参加自学考试，则丙不参加自学考试。②只有乙参加自学考试，丁才参加自学考试。③甲和丙都参加了自学考试。 问：乙和丁是否参加了自学考试?请写出推导过程。
问答题“万事开头难，每种事情都是如此。所以，建立社会主义市场经济，开始也是困难的。” 分析其论证结构。
问答题用真值表方法判定下面这个推理是否有效。 如果是优秀的文艺作品就有较高的艺术性；标语口号式的文艺作品没有较高的艺术性；所以，标语口号式的文艺作品不是优秀的文艺作品。