阅读理解Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?

阅读理解Buyers purchase goods as a group in order to_______  . 

阅读理解Passage Two The ideas about healthy eating have not changed much from your great-grandmother s time

阅读理解Passage 1 An English dictionary is the most important thing you will need when learning English

阅读理解Horse Talk Do you know horses talk? You can learn to understand horse talk if you pay close attention to them

阅读理解Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. For each of them there are four choices marked A.,B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 4Scholars and students have always been great travelers. “Academic mobility” is now often stated in impressive termsas a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the areas of Europe, but itis certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachersand the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road togold.Mobility of this kind also means mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact uponmany groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues, one believesthat only eccentrics (行为古怪的人) have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique.It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the samediscovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquiry, ridicule orneglect.In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars havebecome vast highways. The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane, making contactbetween scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmissionof knowledge.Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recentexplosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are farmore centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students.In addition, one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences,which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whoseparticular interests are precisely defined. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep intouch with similar isolated groups in other countries.

阅读理解【C1】 Britains merchant navy seldom grabs the headlines these days; it is almost a forgotten industry

阅读理解Passage FiveThere are many interesting news items in BP's (英国石油公司) annual Energy Outlook justPublished. But perhaps the most astonishing suggestion in the report is the idea that cutting backon plastic use could make matters worse. This might be what you would expect BP to say. After all, as one of the world’s biggest oil companies, it makes a lot of money from selling products inplastic .But let's look at the thinking behind BP's argument.If the current opposing idea about the use of plastic continues, there could be a worldwide ban on single-use plastics by 2040. But the document argues that switching plastic for other materials will have a bigger cost in terms of energy and carbon emissions (排放). That sounds likethe law of unintended (非故意的) consequences in action. When plastic bags are measuredagainst paper or cotton substitutes, a BBC analysis found there wasn't a great deal of differencein their environmental impact.Paper bags require fewer reuses to make them more environmentally friendly than single-use plastic bags，which means customers have to replace paper bags more frequently. Environmentalists，though, are not entirely convinceD、 They think that BP is stressing the problem of banning plastic for its own interest. “While it's true that it takes less energy toproduce and transport plastic than glass, a glass bottle can be reused dozens of times andis recyclable. Plus ， materials like glass when they escape collection don't go on polluting our oceans and rivers for hundreds of years，”said Louise Edge, from Greenpeace UK. Steps to encourage recycling are being taken. The UK, for example, will introduce a new tax on the manufacture and import of plastic packaging in 2022. There are also lots of developments taking place with alternative materials. These may be the final defense against the unintended consequences of plastic.What is astonishing about BP' s annual report?

阅读理解Directions: In the section, there are five numbered blanks where appropriate sentences are needed to fill in respectively. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into the blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Has English become the global language of communication and education? The question might seem obvious, but the answer is not so simple. Yes, English is the international language of commerce and science. And its utility has spread because up to now it has also been the prime moving language of the Internet. But this is beginning to change, and very fast.【A1】 ________ Languages like German, Russian and Spanish are spreading at exponential speed on the Web, Mr. Montviloff said. Because the Internet makes it possible, other languages are also starting to challenge the hegemony of English in distance education. The Internet is helping to revive minority languages and cultures by bringing together widely scattered linguistic communities.【A2】________. Global Reach Inc., a market research company, estimates that English is now the mother tongue of less than half of all Internet users, and the proportion is falling all the time. David Graddol, a language researcher and lecturer at the Open University in Britain, said that, on the one hand, English is becoming a language of everyday usage in some countries in Northern Europe. 【A3】________. “In other countries, however, English is more truly a foreign language,” said Mr. Graddol, “In some countries, like China, there is not very much English in the environment and people may be learning it from teachers who may not speak English very well themselves.” In a third group of countries, like India and Nigeria where English has been used a long time, distinct local varieties of the language are emerging, complete with their own dictionaries, textbooks, and literature. This means that different centers of authority are starting to emerge. 【A4】________. “Thus, the very reason for the rise of English—its guarantee of mutual intelligibility among people of different cultures—could dissolve if the language continues to fragment into a variety of ‘Englishes’”. Bertrand Menciassi, of the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages in Europe, said the use of a world language both helps and hinders linguistic diversity. People can use English for their outside contacts, while cultivating their own tongue or dialect for use at home. On the other hand, he added, English is tending to push European national languages like Dutch or Danish into a corner. 【A5】________The Commission argues that the ability to speak two or three tongues will give the Europeans economic and technical advantages over their monolingual American rivals in world of diversity, and is about to kick off “The European Year of Languages” in an attempt to promote multilingualism. A. “Something like 70 percent of the Dutch population claim now that they can hold a conversation in English quite comfortably. In countries like the Netherlands, Sweden or Denmark you need English to complete your education,” said Mr. Graddol. B. In England, people like Spencer and Shakespeare went on an inventive spree of creating new words and usages and made the language suitable for literature. C. “We are observing that more and more other languages are taking over the Internet,” said Victor Montviloff, who is responsible for information policy in the communication and information sector at the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization here. D. English, like Latin before it, has become a language that is no longer the property of its native speakers, and like Latin, it too may give way to variety of vernacular tongues. E. Researches note a sudden surge of interest in endangered languages, such as those spoken by indigenous groups in North America. F. That could be extremely dangerous, because the university is the brain of the country and this proposal raised the question whether Dutch continues to be an all-purpose language. G. Maintaining linguistic diversity is an important aim of the European Commission, which is concerned that the increasing acceptance of English as the European lingua franca should not detract from the vitality of other languages.

阅读理解Part A Directions: Read the following four texts

阅读理解Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You shoulddeicide the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.Passage OneCertainly, the concept of “death with dignity” has become an increasing focus of the debate, not theleast because of medical progress that has brought about a major increase in the number of retired andaged persons. The issue has generated lots of legislation, much of which confuses rather than clarifiesan important question in euthanasia: Who will pull the plug?In general, the laymen’s(外行人) view of euthanasia is one of “mercy killing,” or active interventionto end life, with little or no concept of the possibility of a passive form.I make no excuses and ask no forgiveness for admitting that I have practiced passive euthanasia formany years. In fact, I gave instructions to the doctor attending my own mother in her last illness thatshe should receive no antibiotics nor be tube-fed. At that stage, she was in her 98 th year, sufferingfrom her third stroke and unconscious with pneumonia.I have never practiced active euthanasia, a deed that in my country is regarded as murder and couldmerit the death penalty. But I do believe that in the clinical practice of medicine, active euthanasia hasa definite place. I also believe that we should not be afraid to discuss its place in the scheme of thingsand to explore the possibilities in this approach to the terminally ill.I cannot accept the simple statement that a doctor does not have the right to take life; furthermore, Ibelieve the greatest difficulty is to define life. I myself have defined it as joy in living. Given theabsence of this quality, the request of the suffering person and the satisfaction of other criteria such asgood faith on the part of those caring for the person and the completion of legal requirements, there isno ethical reason why active medical euthanasia may not be administered.Indeed, I have always wondered at the kind of person who would mercifully end the life of a sufferinganimal, yet would hesitate to extend the same privilege to a fellow human being.As a scientist and a humanitarian, I find society’s attitude toward the different ways of causing thedeath of an individual both hypocritical (虚伪的) and illogical. Consider that, for as long as man hasinhabited the earth, he has accepted with few reservations the right to kill and be killed on thebattlefields, even when this leads to not only his own but multiple deaths.I have talked to legal, ethical and medical authorities in many parts of the world on the need foractive euthanasia. Again and again the same questions came up:Who will decide when a life is to be terminated and how can mistakes be avoided?Would doctors perhaps misuse the right to life by getting rid of the people they do not like?Does a doctor have the right to play God?If it is feared that a doctor is playing God when he terminates a life, it can just as readily be arguedthat he is playing the same role when he prolongs the life of a terminally-ill patient. And surely, whenthe terminally-ill person develops an inter-current infection that will cause death if not treated, arewe not also interfering with God’s will by instituting treatment and preventing the patient from dyingof the infection?

阅读理解The National Day holiday is round the corner and, if things go like last year, this falls Golden Week too will be a golden mess

阅读理解 Most people think of lions as strictly African beasts, but only because they're been killed off almost everywhere else. Ten thousand years ago lions spanned vast sections of the globe. Now lions hold only a small fraction of their former habitat, and Asiatic lions, a subspecies that split from African lions perhaps 100,000 years ago, hang on to an almost impossibly small slice of their former territory. India is the proud steward of these 300 or so lions, which live primarily in a 560-square-mile sanctuary (保护区). It took me a year and a half to get a permit to explore the entire Gir Forest--and no time at all to see why these lions became symbols of royalty and greatness. A tiger will hide in the forest unseen, but a lion stands its ground, curious and unafraid--lionhearted. Though they told me in subtle ways when I got too close, Gir’s lions allowed me unique glimpses into their lives during my three months in the forest. It's odd to think that they are threatened by extinction; Gir has as many lions as it can hold--too many, in fact. With territory in short supply, lions move about near the boundary of the forest and even leave it altogether, often clashing with people. That's one reason India is creating a second sanctuary. There are other pressing reasons: outbreaks of disease or natural disasters. In 1994 a serious disease killed more than a third of Africa's Serengeti lions--a thousand animals--a fate that could easily happen to Gir's cats. These lions are especially vulnerable to disease because they descend from as few as a dozen individuals. 'If you do a DNA test, Asiatic lions actually look like identical twins,' says Stephen O'Brien, a geneticist (基因学家) who has studied them. Yet the dangers are hidden, and you wouldn't suspect them by watching these lords of the forest. The lions display vitality, and no small measure of charm. Though the gentle intimacy of play vanishes when it's time to eat, meals in Gir are not necessarily frantic affairs. For a mother and her baby lion sharing a deer, or a young male eating an antelope (羚羊), there's no need to fight for a cut of the kill. The animals they hunt for food are generally smaller in Gir than those in Africa, and hunting groups tend to be smaller as well.

阅读理解Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statement, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage FourThe weight of plastic waste clogging the world’s oceans threatens to exceed all fish by 2050 if the world’s seemingly insatiable appetite for the material continues at the current explosive rate, warned a new report presented on Tuesday.In fact, according to the study by the Ellen MeaArthur Foundation along with the World Economic Forum, “plastics production has surged over the past 50 years, from 15 million tonnes in 1964 to 311 million tonnes in 2014, and is expected to double again over the next 20 years. ”The study—The New Plastics Economy: Rethinking The Future of Plastics—introduced at the opening day of the WEF’s annual summit in Davos, Switzerland is the first of its kind to comprehensively assess global plastic packaging flows. The report makes an economic case for what it calls the “New Plastics Economy”，described as “a new approach based on creating effective after-use pathways for plastics； drastically reducing leakage of plastics into natural systems, in particular oceans； and decoupling plastics from fossil feedstocks”.Among the findings, which are based on interviews with over 180 experts and on analysis of over 200 reports, the study estimates that roughly 8 million tonnes of plastics leak into the ocean each year— “ which is equivalent to dumping the contents of one garbage truck into ocean every minuten , This amount is expected to double by 2030.“In a business-asusual scenario, the ocean is expected to contain/tonne of plastic for every 3 tonnes of fish by 2025, and by 2050, more plastics than fish (by weight) ” the report continues.What’s more, the report estimates that only 14 percent of plastic packaging is collected for recycling and even less for plastics in general. After sorting, only 5 percent is ultimately retained for subsequent use, which is far below global recycling rates for paper (58 per cent) and iron and steel (70-90 percent).Further, the report examines the carbon impact of plastics production, given that over 90 percent are derived from “virgin fossil feedstocks”. Plastics production represents roughly 6 percent of global oil consumption and “If the current strong growth of plastics usage continues as expected, the plastics sector will account for 20% of total oil consumption and 15% of the global annual carbon budget by 2050.”The report argues that single-use plastics, and plastic packaging specifically, represents a net loss for the economy, as its limited value is outweighed by these negative impacts. It states:After a short first-use cycle, 95% of plastic packaging material value, or USD 80-120 billion annually，is lost to the economy. A staggering 32% of plastic packaging escapes collection systems, generating significant economic costs by reducing urban infrastructure. The cost of such after-use externalities for plastic packaging, plus the cost associated with greenhouse gas emissions from its production，is exceeding the plastic packaging industry fs profit pool.“Linear models of production and consumption are increasingly challenged by the context within which they operate, and this is particularly true for high-volume, low-value materials such as plastic packaging, ” said Ellen MacArthur, an accomplished British yachtswoman turned foundation chair.The researchers conclude that in order to get closer to the goal of a “circular economy n 一where “consumption happens only in effective bio-cycles；elsewhere use replaces consumption ”一both the public and private sector must work towards the goal of creating plastics that can be both recycled and composted.

阅读理解Passage One: Questions are based on the following passage

阅读理解Passage Four For a long time, people have disagreed about whether golf is a sport or a game

阅读理解Text C Last fall was a first-of-its-kind season

阅读理解Passage A 1

阅读理解 Under pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse in elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects. Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with animals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, President of the Scientists' Center for Animal Welfare, said that students have been performing surgery at random, testing known poisonous substances, and running other pathology experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology. At one science fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard to demonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound sparrows, starved them and observed their behavior. 'The amount of abuse has been quite horrifying,' Orlans said. Administrators of major science fairs are short-tempered over the teachers' policy change and the impression it has created. 'The teachers were sold a bill of goods by Barbara Ortans,' said Thurman Grafton, who heads the rules committee for the International Science and Engineering Fair. 'Backyard tabletop surgery is just nonsense. The new policies throw cold water on students' inquisitiveness,' he said. Grafton said he wouldn't deny that there hasn't been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring local and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply with the international fair's rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said. He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their support after animal welfare groups lobbied for change. The teachers adopted the new policies also to fend off proposed legislation--in states including Missouri and New York--that would restrict or prohibit experiments on animals. Officials of the two teachers organizations say that they don't know how many animals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, many biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals, said Wayne Moyer, executive director of the biology teachers' association. On the other, the use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budget cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better animal care to its members. (414 words)Notes: pathology 病理学。lizard 蜥蜴。tabletop 桌面。short-tempered 脾气急躁的。lobby for 游说支持。fend off 躲开。

阅读理解True, some of the attacks against whites by blacks are for money and valuables. But, others ale revenge assaults by blacks for a real or imagined racial insult. It is equally true that the vast majority of violent crimes against whites are committed by whites, while the vast majority of violent crimes against blacks are committed by other blacks. Yet even after discounting crimes that are hastily and erroneously (错误地，不正确地) tagged as racially motivated, many blacks do attack whites because they all white. A 1998 Justice Department study confirmed that nearly 20% of the more than 4,000 hate crimes well committed against whites, and their attackers were blacks. The Southern Poverty Law Center also notes that there is a huge escalation in black-on-white violence from nearly none at the beginning of the 1990s. A collection of white supremacists and rightist extremist groups have eagerly made black-on-white violence a wedge issue in their movement to paint blacks as the prime racial hate mongers in America. The New Century Foundation, an ultra-conservative think-tank, has launched a full-blown national campaign to alert whites to the danger of black hate crimes. These groups and individuals magnify hate crimes by blacks in order to back their social agenda. They oppose affirmative action programs and stronger hate crime laws. They downplay, or justify, the proliferation of white-supremacist-tinged paramilitary groups, police violence, and racial profiling. And they lobby hard for more prisons, police, and tougher laws. Black-on-white violence also reinforces white fears of blacks as the ultimate menace to society. When blacks say or do nothing about these attacks, it is taken by some as a tacit signal that blacks put less value on white lives than black lives. This is a terrible price for black silence on hate crimes committed by blacks.