单选题The manager was very pleased with the increased ______ from the factory last month. A. outcome B. outline C. output D. outset

单选题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessay.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthenexpressyourviewsontheproblemoftrustcrisis.写作导航1.简要描述图片，指出人们之间缺少信任是一种不良社会现象，会产生严重后果；2.从政府、社会机构(媒体和学校)和个人三个层面出发阐述了解决办法；3.进行总结，建议人们从个人做起，谨小慎微，提高诚信意识。

单选题By the time you arrive, I ______ working for two hours.

单选题He was______of having asked such a silly question.

单选题Is it advisable to______ our body to the sunlight?

单选题Brass concert music was ______ to a new level in the 1880s when John Philip Sousa took over the U.S. Marine Band. A. strengthened B. headed C. lifted D. briefed

单选题 The immigrants from Afghanistan were so poor that there were ______ pieces of broken furniture in the shabby houses.

单选题Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.

单选题Many of the conditions that population pressures- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness______ lead to dissatisfaction.

单选题The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents’ _____.

单选题选出下列选项中划线部分读音不同的选项（）

单选题With its maverick approach to the subject, Shere Hirers book has been more widely debated than most. The media throughout the country have brought the author's opinions to the public's attention.

单选题Tom: Paulo,______Paulo: Nice to meet you.

单选题My mother is a light sleeper, ______ to any sound even as low as the humming of a mosquito A. alert B. acute C. keen D. immune

单选题It was______to watch her condition deteriorate day by day.

单选题Human skin is very thin on the eyelid and quite thick on the ______ of the foot.

单选题 Opportunists and Competitors A. Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one's money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. B. All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction. C. Almost all of an organism's energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are 'opportunists'. At the other extreme are 'competitors', almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction. D. Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. E. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds' falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. F. Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens. G. Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. H. The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. I. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, out-competing all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. J. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. K. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics. L. Oak wood has a density of about 0.75g/cm3, great strength and hardness, and is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It also has very appealing grain markings, particularly when quarter-sawn. M. Oak planking was common on high status Viking longships in the 9th and 10th centuries. The wood was hewn(砍) from green logs, by axe and wedge, to produce radial planks, similar to quarter-sawn timber. Wide, quarter-sawn boards of oak have been prized since the Middle Ages for use in interior paneling of prestigious buildings such as the debating chamber of the House of Commons in London and in the construction of fine furniture. N. Oak wood, from Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, was used in Europe for the construction of ships until the 19th century, and was the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-framed buildings. Today oak wood is still commonly used for furniture making and flooring, timber frame buildings, and for veneer production. Barrels in which wines, sherry, and spirits such as brandy, Scotch whisky and Bourbon whiskey are aged are made from European and American oak. The use of oak in wine can add many different dimensions to wine based on the type and style of the oak. Oak barrels, which may be charred before use, contribute to the colour, taste, and aroma of the contents, imparting a desirable oaky vanillin flavour to these drinks. The great dilemma for wine producers is to choose between French and American oak woods. French oaks (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) give the wine greater refinement and are chosen for the best wines since they increase the price compared to those aged in American oak wood. American oak contributes greater texture and resistance to ageing, but produces more violent wine bouquets. Oak wood chips are used for smoking fish, meat, cheeses and other foods. O. Japanese oak is used in the making of professional drums from manufacturer Yamaha Drums. The higher density of oak gives the drum a brighter and louder tone compared to traditional drum materials such as maple and birch. In hill states of India, besides fuelwood and timber, the local people use oak wood for making agricultural implements. The leaves are used as fodder during lean period and bedding for livestock.

单选题The idea was just beginning to ______ in America and we knew that it was going to become the way that retailing companies were run.

单选题 We've Been Imagining Mountains All Wrong, Say Scientists A. From the simplest sketches to the most advanced scientific models, illustrations of mountains pretty much all look the same. Their classic pyramid form, wider at the bottom and narrowing all the way up to the top, has been ingrained in the human mind, and scientists have always assumed that the land area in mountain ranges decreases the higher you climb. Until now, that is. B. New research published Monday in Nature Climate Change reveals a surprising discovery that not only changes the way we think about mountains but could also have big implications for how we understand, monitor and protect the organisms that call them home. It turns out mountain ranges don't just come in the familiar pyramid form—in fact, most of them have a different shape entirely. C. Researchers Morgan Tingley and Paul Elsen used satellite data on mountain ranges from around the globe to analyze how the amount of the land area changed with increasing elevation (海拔). They learned that pyramidal mountain ranges account for just 32 percent of the mountain ranges on Earth. Of the remaining mountain ranges, six percent have an inverse, or upside-down, pyramid form, with the land area increasing toward the top; 23 percent have an hourglass (沙漏) shape, being wider and at the bottom and top and pinched (挤压) in the middle; and 39 percent have a diamond form, with less land areas at the top and bottom and more available in the middle. D. 'I did expect that we'd see some patterns that were not this classic pyramid,' says Elsen, lead author and PhD student in Princeton University's ecology and evolutionary biology department. In fact, Elsen got interested in conducting the study while doing field research in the Himalayas. He noticed that as he hiked to the tops of the mountains, the land area seemed to increase, rather than decrease, at high elevations. Still, he says, 'I had no idea that pyramid mountains would be the exception to the rule.' E. It's hard to tell the true form of a mountain range just by looking at any given mountain peak, since most individual mountains still come to a point at the very top. But mountain ranges are so big, and their topography (地形) so complex, that it would be impossible to observe their true shapes just by looking at them. That's why the researchers had to analyze satellite data, looking at the total surface area in relation to elevation across the whole mountain range, to complete their study. The way the land area is distributed on a landscape scale—whether the greatest area lies at the top, bottom or in the middle when you take into account all the slopes, ravines and plateaus that make up the mountains—is what determines a mountain range's designation as a pyramid, inverse pyramid, diamond or hourglass. F. The finding doesn't just flip our view of mountain topography. More importantly, it changes our understanding of how climate change can affect mountain-dwelling species, the authors say. Organisms that live on mountains are in a particular pickle when it comes to climate change. These species tend to be highly specialized and do best in particular habitats and narrow temperature ranges. As global temperatures rise, the best way to find cooler spots is to move higher up on the mountain. But in pyramidal mountain ranges, which get narrower toward the top, moving higher also means losing the land area. Having less available space can cause populations to shrink and can put them at an increased risk of dying out entirely. G. But Elsen and Tingley's research shows that the pyramid model doesn't hold true for all, or even most mountain ranges, meaning space shortages might not always fall where scientists think they do. In hourglass mountains, for example, the most constricted (狭窄的) space will be in the middle of the mountain, rather than at the top. On the other hand, species on diamond mountains will see the widest spaces in the middle. And species on inverse pyramids will enjoy increasing land areas all the way up to the top of the mountain. H. 'I think this is critical information that will really inform our understanding of mountain species,' says Robert Guralnick, a biodiversity scientist and curator (馆长) at the University of Florida's natural history museum, who was not involved with the study. 'The models we've been using are typically that mountain ranges are narrowing toward the top.' More realistic models and a better understanding of mountain topography can help conservationists make better decisions when monitoring and managing mountain species, the paper's authors say. 'This is absolutely an important study for informing our conservation policy,' Elsen says. Knowing where the land area is likely to be scarce can help conservationists target the right places and the right species. I. In some cases, new knowledge could even indicate that climate change doesn't threaten a species in quite the way scientists thought. The Himalayan monal, for example, is a colorful bird that lives in the Himalayan mountains, which have the hourglass form. Currently, the bird prefers an elevation that's right in the middle of the hourglass, says Morgan Tingley, senior author and assistant professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Connecticut. So space may be pinched for it now, but if warming temperatures force the bird into higher elevations, it will likely enjoy more space as it moves upward. J. On the other hand, a bright little bird called the beautiful nuthatch—which is already classified as a vulnerable species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature—lives just below the pinched part of the hourglass. If it were to flee to higher ground, it would lose the land area. 'This current research is showing that there are potentially optimistic futures for some species, and it's also highlighting these bottleneck zones,' Elsen says. K. The research is also relevant for species that move downslope in response to climate change, chasing the increased precipitation that comes with warmer temperatures. Before now, most scientists might have assumed that any species moving downhill would be able to take advantage of greater and greater land areas as it moved along. Now we know that in certain mountain ranges, these species may actually encounter a shortage in space as they move toward the base of the mountain, and their populations may shrink as a result.