填空题The Schleiermacher Model

填空题The speech sounds which are in complementary distribution are definitely allophones of the same phoneme.

填空题These concerns have been further sti______ by the change in public attitudes to safety and environmental issues, many of which are closely linked to energy.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a list of headings and a text about happiness. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41- 45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. [A] Various definitions and interpretations of happiness. [B] One episode of enjoying happiness. [C] Some misconceptions about happiness. [D] Where to seek happiness? [E] Happiness is equivalent to the ability to rejoice. [F] The complexity of how to define happiness. "Are you happy?" I asked my brother, Ian, one day. "Yes. No. It depends what you mean," he said. "Then tell me," I said, "when was the last time you think you were happy?" "April 1967," he said. It served me right for putting a serious question to someone who has joked his way through life. But Ian's answer reminded me that when we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight--and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get. 41. __________. For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it's conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before prom night I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy--birth, love, marriage--also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn't always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. 42. __________. My dictionary defines happy as "lucky" or "fortunate," but I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment." The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It's easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bliss when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house to myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day. Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure-intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants me can bring me joy. 43. __________. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what makes them happy, some mentioned seemingly insignificant moments. "I hate shopping," one friend said. "But there's this clerk who always chats and really cheers me up. “ Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me." 44. __________. I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let a school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in a world of mad motorists. It made me smile. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register then as happiness. 45. __________. Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a blend of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great-grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had much of either. She did have a net-work of close friends and family, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was happy with what she had,' perhaps it was because she didn't expect life to be very different. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we "gotta have." We're so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it's making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren't necessarily happier. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn't about what happens to us--it's about how we perceive what happens to us. It's the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It's not wishing for what we don't have, but enjoying what we do possess.

填空题Pat: Why shouldn't we go to the beach first and then come back to the hotel for dinner? Mary: ______

填空题A.Mostofusknowwhatit'sliketostayinajobafterit'sstoppedbeingsatisfying,ortotakeonaprojectthat'stoobigandbereluctanttoadmitit.CEOshavebeenknowntoallocatemanpowerandmoneytoprojectslongafteritbecomesclearthattheyarefailing.Thecoststoapersonwhodoesnotknowwhentoquitcanbeenormous.Ineconomicsit'sknownassunkcostfallacy.Whilewerecognizethefallacyalmostimmediatelyinothers,it'shardertoseeinourselves.Why?B.Inoneoftheirstudies,theyputparticipantsintoeitherapromotionorpreventionfocus.Next,eachparticipantwastoldtoimaginethatheorshewasCEOofanaviationcompanythathadcommitted$10milliontodevelopingaplanethatcan'tbedetectedbyradar.Withtheprojectnearcompletionand$9millionalreadyspent,arivalcompanyannouncestheavailabilityoftheirownradar-blankplanewhichisbothsuperiorinperformanceandlowerincost.ThequestionputtoCEOswassimple:doyouinvesttheremaining$1millionandfinishyourcompany'splane,orcutyourlossesandmoveon?C.Sunkcostsaretheinvestmentsthatyou'veputintosomethingthatyoucan'tgetbackout.Theyaretheyearsyouspenttrainingforaprofessionyouhate.Theyarethethousandsofdollarsyouspentonredecoratingyourlivingroom,onlytofindthatyouhatelivinginit.Onceyou'verealizedthatyouprobablywon'tsucceed,orthatyouareunhappywiththeresults,itshouldn'tmatterhowmuchtimeandeffortyou'vealreadyputintosomething.D.RecentresearchbyNorthwesternUniversitypsychologistsDanielMoldenandChinMingHuidemonstratesaneffectivewaytobesureyouaremakingthebestdecisionswhenthingsgoawry:Focusonwhatyouhavetogainbymovingon,ratherthanwhatyouhavetolose.Whenpeoplethinkaboutgoalsintermsofpotentialgain,that'sa"promotionfocus",whichmakesthemmorecomfortablemakingmistakesandacceptinglosses.Whenpeopleadopta"preventionfocus",theythinkaboutgoalsintermsofwhattheycouldloseiftheydon'tsucceed,sotheybecomemoresensitivetosunkcosts.Thisisthefocuspeopleusuallyadopt,ifunconsciously,whendecidingwhetherornottowalkaway.Itusuallytellsusnottowalkaway,evenwhenweshould.E.Thereareseveralpowerful,largelyunconsciouspsychologicalforcesatwork.Wemaythrowgoodmoneyafterbadorwastetimeinadead-endrelationshipbecausewehaven'tcomeupwithanalternative;orbecausewedon'twanttoadmittoourfriendsandfamily,ortoourselves,thatwewerewrong.Butthemostlikelycauseisthisinnate,overwhelmingaversiontosunkcosts.F.Thetworesearchersfoundthatparticipantswithapreventionfocusstayedthecourseandinvestedtheremaining$1millionroughly80percentofthetime.Theoddsofmakingthatmistakeweresignificantlyreducedbyadoptingapromotionfocus:Thosepeopleinvestedtheremaining$1millionlessthan60percentofthetime.Whenweseeourgoalsintermsofwhatwecangain,ratherthanwhatwemightlose,wearemorelikelytoseeadoomedendeavorforwhatitis.G.AsstudiesbybehavioraleconomistslikeDanielKahnemenandDanArielyshow,peopleisgenerallyloss-averse.Puttinginalot,onlytoendupwithnothingtoshowforit,isjusttooawfulformostofustoseriouslyconsider.Theproblemisoneoffocus.Weworryfartoomuchaboutwhatwe'llloseifwejustmoveon,insteadoffocusingonthecostsofnotmovingon:Morewastedtimeandeffort,moreunhappiness,andmoremissedopportunities.Order:

填空题The program aims to make the country ______ in oil and other resources．这个计划的目的是使国家实现石油及其他资源的自给自足。

填空题Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological______of linguistic structures. (中山大学2006研)

填空题The committee (for) local development (asked) that the new highway (is built) (alongside) the railroad. A. for B. asked C. is built D. alongside

填空题Directions:Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. A. Suggestion: interaction between neuron precursors and the circulatory system B. CCL11: a protein speeding brain aging C. Supposition: connection of brain's aging and blood D. Significance: a big leap in brain studying E. CCL11: a protein refreshing brain F. Tests: effect of blood's age on brain G. Implication: controlling brain aging by aiming at brain directly Dracula may have had it right: Young blood can restore an aging body. Scientists have discovered that blood from a 3-month-old mouse can coax the brain of an older mouse into making new brain cells. The team has not yet identified the rejuvenating factor, but they have found a blood-borne compound that seems to promote brain aging. {{U}} 1 {{/U}}______ As the body ages, the brain gradually becomes more sluggish. Even in people lucky enough to dodge neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, fewer new neurons are created from stem cells in the brain, and the activity of existing neurons weakens. Neuroscientist Tony Wyss-Coray of Stanford University School of Medicine in Palo Alto, California, suspected that the changes could be mediated by factors in the blood. {{U}} 2 {{/U}}______ Previous research has shown that giving young blood to older mice boosts their immune system and muscle function. Wyss-Coray wondered whether the same might be true in the brain. Although the so-called blood-brain barrier blocks many large molecules from entering the brain from the bloodstream, the barrier isn't sealed tight everywhere, which might allow some compounds to get through. It's leakiest at places where there are brain stem cells, suggesting that these neuron precursors may have interaction with the circulatory system. {{U}} 3 {{/U}}______ Wyss-Coray's team measured neurogenesis, the creation of new neurons from stem cells, in mice that were 3 months old and mice that were almost 2 years old and considered adults. Then they surgically connected the circulatory systems of pairs of young and old mice. The number of new cells in one region of the brain's hippocampus, related to memory formation, went from fewer than 400 to almost 1000 in the older mice. In the younger mice, it dropped by almost a quarter, the scientists report today in Nature. "It worked in both directions, " says Wyss-Coray. "The age of the blood has a special effect on the brain." When the researchers gave young mice daily injections of older blood, not only did neurogenesis decrease, but their learning and memory scores in a water maze test got worse. They made more than twice the number of mistakes in the maze after a day of training and a day of testing. {{U}} 4 {{/U}}______ To isolate the compound responsible for these changes, Wyss-Coray and his colleagues focused on 66 blood-borne chemicals. They identified 17 that increased in concentration as a mouse aged. One of them, a protein called CCL11, was enough to slow neurogenesis when injected into the bloodstream on its own. The researchers haven't yet found a compound that does the reverse-turning up neurogenesis. But finding more neurogenesis in old mice given young blood suggests that it exists. {{U}} 5 {{/U}}______. The findings offer a proof of principle that neurogenesis can be controlled through the blood, a paradigm-shifting idea for treating neurodegenerative disease, Wyss-Coray says. "The big implication here is that we can potentially affect brain aging and degradation, even dementia, by targeting factors in the periphery rather than having to target the brain directly." Richard Ransohoff, a neuroscientist at the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, says the new study is a leap toward understanding how neurogenesis is controlled in the adult brain. "I think it's very exciting to know that the aging stem cell population can remain responsive to environmental cues." But more work is needed to fully understand how all the cues work, he says, and whether the findings hold true in people. "One of the next steps is to take these factors and measure them in aging humans, " Ransohoff says. "You might take patients with neurodegenerative diseases and see how the factors are different, or follow how they change over time in people with early cases of disease." Wyss-Coray plans to start out by analyzing more blood-borne factors in mice. His team is planning a screen of hundreds more factors to see what else may be controlling the aging of the brain.

填空题Noisy traffic ______ our way of life in this village, (threat)

填空题preamble inquiry witness clause body offer acceptance withdraw counter-offer

填空题Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of______.

填空题9 is the position from which the events seem to be observed and presented to the reader.

填空题Commodity Inspection Shipping Quality and Shipping Weight Landed Quality and Landed Weight Shipping Weight and Landed Quality Legal Inspection

填空题Translate the following sentences into English．(武汉大学2013研，考试科目：基础英语)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。

填空题School counselors (are convinced) that it will be obligatory that everyone (must have) (some computer training) in order to (enter) the job market. A. are convinced B. must have C. some computer training D. enter

填空题To control {{U}}quality{{/U}} and {{U}}making{{/U}} decisions {{U}}about{{/U}} production are among the many responsibilities of an {{U}}industrial{{/U}} engineer. A. quality B. making C. about D. industrial

填空题The bomb will blow up at any time and 你们必须尽快地离开这儿.