填空题The world economy has run into a brick wall. Despite countless warnings in recent years about the need to address a looming hunger crisis in poor countries and a looming energy crisis worldwide, world leaders failed to think ahead. The result is a global food crisis. Wheat, corn and rice prices have more than doubled in the past two years, and oil prices have more than tripled since the start of 2004. These food-price increases combing with soaring energy costs will slow if not stop economic growth in many parts of the world and will even undermine political stability, as evidenced by the protest riots that have erupted in places like Haiti, Bangladesh and Burkina Faso. Practical solutions to these growing woes do exist, but we"ll have to start thinking ahead and acting globally. The crisis has its roots in four interlinked trends. The first is the chronically low productivity of farmers in the poorest countries, caused by their inability to pay for seeds, fertilizers and irrigation. The second is the misguided policy in the U. S. and Europe of subsidizing the diversion of food crops to produce biofuels like corn-based ethanol. The third is climate change; take the recent droughts in Australia and Europe, which cut the global production of grain in 2005 and 2006. The fourth is the growing global demand for food and feed grains brought on by swelling populations and incomes. In short, rising demand has hit a limited supply, with the poor taking the hardest blow. So, what should be done? Here are three steps to ease the current crisis and avert the potential for a global disaster. The first is to scale-up the dramatic success of Malawi, a famine-prone country in southern Africa, which three years ago established a special fund to help its farmers get fertilizer and high-yield seeds. Malawi"s harvest doubled after just one year. An international fund based on the Malawi model would cost a mere $10 per person annually in the rich world, or $10 billion in all. Such a fund could fight hunger as effectively as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria is controlling those diseases. Second, the U. S. and Europe should abandon their policies of subsidizing the conversion of food into biofuels. The U. S. government gives farmers a taxpayer-financed subsidy of 51 cents per gal of ethanol to divert corn from the food and feed-grain supply. There may be a case for biofuels produced on lands that do not produce foods—tree crops (like palm oil), grasses and wood products—but there"s no case for doling out subsidies to put the world"s dinner into the gas tank. Third, we urgently need to weatherproof the world"s crops as soon and as effectively as possible. For a poor farmer, sometimes something as simple as a farm pond—which collects rainwater to be used for emergency irrigation in a dry spell—can make the difference between a bountiful crop and a famine. The world has already committed to establishing a Climate Adaptation Fund to help poor regions climate-proof vital economic activities such as food production and health care but has not yet upon the promise. A. poor countries. B. all the world. C. the Climate Adaptation Fund. D. the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. E. Bangladesh. F. Malawi. G. the U.S. and Europe.

填空题Under no circumstances will we use nuclear weapons first.

填空题It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happenings as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts.

填空题[A]Sowhatdowedotobesafer?Manysmartpeoplehavetackledthisquestion.PeterPronovostatJohnsHopkinsdevelopedachecklistshowntobringhospital-acquiredinfectionsdowntoclosetozero.Therearerulesagainstdisturbingnurseswhiletheydispensemedicationsandsoftwarethatwarnsdoctorswhenpatients"prescriptionswillinteractbadly.Therearepoliciesdesignedtoempowernursestoconfrontdoctorsiftheyseesomethingwrong,evenifaseniordoctorisatfault.[B]Here"sonetheory.ItisagiventhatAmericandoctorsperformastaggeringnumberoftestsandprocedures,farmorethaninotherindustrializednations,andfarmorethanweusedto.Since1996,thepercentageofdoctorvisitsleadingtoatleastfivedrugsbeingprescribedhasnearlytripled,andthenumberofM.R.I.scansquadrupled.[C]Doctorsmakemistakes.Theymaybemistakesoftechnique,judgment,ignoranceoreven,sometimes,recklessness.Regardlessofthecause,eachtimeamistakehappens,apatientmaysuffer.Wefailtoupholdourprofession"sbasicoath:"First,donoharm."[D]Hereinliesastunningirony.Defensivemedicineisrootedinthegoalofavoidingmistakes.Buteachadditionalprocedureortest,nomatterhowcautiouslyperformed,injectsafreshpossibilityoferror.CTandM.R.I.scanscanleadtofalsepositivesandunnecessaryoperations,whichcarrytheriskofcomplicationslikeinfectionsandbleeding.Themoremedicationspatientsareprescribed,themorelikelytheyaretoaccidentallyoverdoseorsufferanallergicreaction.[E]Accordingtoa1999reportbytheInstituteofMedicine,asmanyas98,000Americansweredyingeveryyearbecauseofmedicalmistakes.Today,exactfiguresarehardtocomebybecausestatesdon"tabidebythesamereportingguidelines,andfewcasesgainasmuchattentionasthatofRoryStaunton,the12-year-oldboywhodiedofsepticshockthisspringafterbeingsenthomefromaNewYorkhospital.Butareasonableestimateisthatmedicalmistakesnowkillaround200,000Americanseveryyear.ThatwouldmakethemoneoftheleadingcausesofdeathintheUnitedStates.Whyhavethesemistakesbeensohardtoprevent?[F]Whatmaybeevenmoreimportantisrememberingthelimitsofourpower.More—moreprocedures,moretesting,moretreatment—isnotalwaysbetter.In1979,StephenBergman,underthepennameDr.SamuelShem,publishedrulesforhospitalsinhiscausticallyhumorousnovel,"TheHouseofGod."RuleNo.13reads:"Thedeliveryofmedicalcareistodoasmuchnothingaspossible."First,donoharm.[G]Certainlymanyprocedures,testsandprescriptionsarebasedonlegitimateneed.Butmanyarenot.Inarecentanonymoussurvey,orthopedicsurgeonssaid24percentoftheteststheyorderedweremedicallyunnecessary.Thiskindoftreatmentisaformofdefensivemedicine,meantlesstoprotectthepatientthantoprotectthedoctororhospitalagainstpotentiallawsuits.

填空题Most people would not object to living a few years longer than normal, as long as it meant they could live those years in good health. Sadly, the only proven way to extend the lifespan of an animal in this way is to reduce its calorie intake. Studies going back to the 1930s have shown that a considerable reduction in consumption ( about 50% ) can extend the lifespan of everything from dogs to nematode worms by between 30% and 70%. Although humans are neither dogs nor worms, a few people are willing to give the calorie-restricted diet a try in the hope that it might work for them, too. But not many—as the old joke has it, give up the things you enjoy and you may not live longer, but it will sure seem as if you did. Now, though, work done by Marc Hellerstein and his colleagues at the University of California, Berkeley, suggests that it may be possible to have, as it were, your cake and eat it too. Or, at least, to eat 95% of it. Their study, to be published in the American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism, suggests that significant gains in longevity might be made by a mere 5% reduction in calorie intake. The study was done on mice rather than people. But the ubiquity of previous calorie-restriction results suggests the same outcome might well occur in other species, possibly including humans. However, you would have to fast on alternate days.(41)______ Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. For a cancer to develop efficiently, it needs multiple mutations to accumulate in the DNA of the cell that becomes the tumor's ancestor.(42)______ A slower rate of cell division thus results in a slower accumulation of cancer-causing mutations.(43)______ Heavy water is heavy because the hydrogen in it weighs twice as much as ordinary hydrogen (it has a proton and a neutron in its nucleus, instead of just a proton). Chemically, however, it behaves like its lighter relative. This means, among other things, that it gets incorporated into DNA as that molecule doubles in quantity during cell division.(44)______ Dr Hellerstein first established how much mice eat if allowed to feed as much as they want. Then he set up a group of mice that were allowed to eat only 95% of that amount. In both cases, he used the heavy-water method to monitor cell division. The upshot was that the rate of division in the calorie-restricted mice was 37% lower than that in those mice that could eat as much as they wanted--which could have a significant effect on the accumulation of cancer-causing mutations.(45)______[A] To stop this happening, cells have DNA-repair mechanisms. But if a cell divides before the damage is repaired, the chance of a successful repair is significantly reduced.[B] Bingeing and starving is how many animals tend to feed in the wild. The uncertain food supply means they regularly go through cycles of too much and too little food ( it also means that they are often restricted to eating less than they could manage ff food were omnipresent).[C] But calorie-reduction is not all the mice had to endure. They were, in addition, fed only on alternate days: bingeing one day and starving the next. So, whether modern man and woman, constantly surrounded by food and advertisements for food, would really be able to forgo eating every other day is debatable.[D] Why caloric restriction extends the lifespan of any animal is unclear, but much of the smart money backs the idea that it slows down cell division by denying cells the resources they need to grow and proliferate. One consequence of that slow-down would be to hamper the development of cancerous tumors.[E] So, by putting heavy water in the diets of their mice, the researchers were able to measure how much DNA in the tissues of those animals had been made since the start of the experiment (and by inference how much cell division had taken place), by the simple expedient of extracting the DNA and weighing it.[F] The second reason, according to Elaine Hsieh, one of Dr Hellerstein's colleagues, is that cutting just a few calories overall, but feeding intermittently, may be a more feasible eating pattern for some people to maintain than making small reductions each and every day.[G] At least, that is the theory. Until now, though, no one has tested whether reduced calorie intake actually does result in slower cell division. Dr Hellerstein and his team were able to do so using heavy water as a chemical "marker" of the process.

填空题{{U}}面对艰巨的任务{{/U}}, we had better act on the suggestions made at the meeting.

填空题Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as ______.(北二外2007研)

填空题 Superstition is a difficult question. We cannot quite say that superstition in Britain is dead. Its history is both {{U}}(76) {{/U}} long and too recent for that, and indeed you will find many relics of it in modern Britain. But they are only relics connected chiefly with vague notions of good luck and {{U}}(77) {{/U}} luck. It is unlucky, for instance, to walk under a ladder, or to spill salt, or break a mirror, or to have {{U}}(78) {{/U}} to do with number 13; whereas a horseshoe brings good {{U}}(79) {{/U}}, and people jokingly "touch wood" {{U}}(80) {{/U}} prevent the return of a past misfortune. There are still many strange country remedies against sickness {{U}}(81) {{/U}} are obviously superstitious. But the real measure of superstition is fear. In this {{U}}(82) {{/U}} there is no superstition in Britain. British people as a whole do {{U}}(83) {{/U}} believe in evil influences or evil spirits. Sickness and misfortune are not the {{U}}(84) {{/U}} of witchcraft, but of dirt or chance or foolishness or inefficiency Witches belong {{U}}(85) {{/U}} to history books.

填空题 Directions: In the following text. some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45. choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices. which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)______ Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42)______ Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors. (43)______ Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your' writing. (44)______ These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions. Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote "The A & P as a State of Mind" wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)______ Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P "policy" he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in "A & P," the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel's store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.

填空题As children we start (51) a natural curiosity about everything around us, and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated, buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience. The future success of research in science and engineering depends (52) our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimulation of mental processes early in life. Pattern recognition, analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward. To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do (53) to the developing person. For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education, the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success. But why are so (54) of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career? Is it (55) we have dampened their curiosity? Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery? Is it because too many of us currently involved (56) the research enterprise has become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scientists and engineers? Perhaps entirely different factors are (57) play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers. We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing. We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have (58) to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery. We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common (59) (60) very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.

填空题 Police were sent to arrest him ______ a charge of attempted murder.

填空题2.56

填空题Whenever she went home she ______ (bring)some gifts to her family and relatives.

填空题 GNP becomes an obsolete measure of progress in a society striving to meet people's needs as efficiently as possible and with the least damage to the environment. What counts is not growth in output, but the quality of services rendered. (1) {{U}}Bicycles and light rail, for instance, are less resources--intensive forms of transportation as automobiles are, and contribute less to GNR. (2) But shift to mass transit and cycling for most passenger trips would enhance urban life by eliminating traffic jams, reducing smog, and make cities safer for pedestrians. (3) GNP would go up, but overall wellbeing would increase{{/U}}--underscoring the need for new indicators of progress. Likewise, investing in water-efficient appliances and irrigation systems instead of building more dams and diversion canals would meet water needs with less harm to the environment. (4) {{U}}Since massive water projects consume resources them efficiency in vestments do,{{/U}} GNP would tend to decline. But quality of life would improve. (5) {{U}}It becomes clearly that striving to boost GNP is often inappropriate and counterproductive.{{/U}} As ecologist and philosopher Garrett Hardin puts it. (6) {{U}}"For a statesman to try to maximize the GNP is about as sensible as for a composer of music to try to maximize the number of note in a symphony."{{/U}} Abandoning growth as an overriding goal does not mean forsaking the poor. (7) {{U}}Rising incomes and material consumption are essential to improving well-being in many of the Third World. (8) But contrary to that political leaders imply, global economic growth as currently pursued is not the solution to poverty.{{/U}} Despite the fivefold rise in world economic output since 1951, 1.2 billion people more than ever--live in absolute poverty today. More growth of the sort engineered in recent decades will not save the poor, only a new set of priorities can. Formidable barriers stand in the way of shifting from growth to real progress as the central goal of economic policy. (9) {{U}}Vision that growth conjures up of an expanding pie of riches is a powerful and convenient political too!{{/U}} Because it allows the tough issues of income inequality and skewed wealth distribution to be avoid. (10) People assume that as far as there is growth, there is hope that the lives of the poor can be bettered without sacrifices from the rich.{{/U}} The reality, however, is that achieving an environmentally sustainable global economy is not possible without the rich limiting their consumption in order to leave room for the poor to increase theirs.

填空题A. helps B. while C. messages D. closely Phrases: A. you watched 1 eating it B. send nerve 2 to your brain C. our noses and our brain are very 3 connected D. 4 us remember things For years, scientists have been studying the special powers of smells. It seems that 5 . When you smell something, the odor goes up your nose to the smelling zones. From here, sense cells 6 telling it what you smelled. More than our other four senses, our sense of smell changes our mood and 7 . If you were told to think about popcorn, you"d probably recall its smell. And then you might remember the movie 8 . Our sense of smell also makes us aware of danger—like the smell of smoke.

填空题 Cloze (15 minutes) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication. Let’s look at this __61__ in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, __62__ distinguishes man from the rest of the __63__ world. Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by __64__ of cries: for example, many birds utter __65__ calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter __66__ cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. __67__ these various means of communication differ in important ways __68__ human language. For instance, animals’ cries do not __69__ thoughts and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that __70__ us to divide a human utterance into __71__. We can change an utterance by __72__ one word in it with __73__: a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., “tanks approaching from the north“, __74__ who can change one word and say aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, __75__ means “danger!” This is why the number of __76__ that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case __77__ point; it has about twenty different calls, __78__ in human language the number of possible utterances is __79__. It also explains why animal cries are very __80__ in meaning. 61. A) classification B) definition C) function D) perception（C） 62. A) that B) it C) as D) what（A） 63. A) native B) human C) physical D) animal（D） 64. A) ways B) means C) methods D) approaches（B） 65. A) mating B) exciting C) warning D) boring（C） 66. A) identical B) similar C) different D) unfamiliar（C） 67. A) But B) Therefore C) Afterwards D) Furthermore（A） 68. A) about B) with C) from D) in（C） 69. A) infer B) explain C) interpret D) express（D） 70. A) encourages B) enables C) enforces D) ensures（B） 71. A) speeches B) sounds C) words D) voices（C） 72. A) replacing B) spelling C) pronouncing D) saying（A） 73. A) ours B) theirs C) another D) others（C） 74. A) so B) and C) but D) or（B） 75. A) this B) that C) which D) it（C） 76. A) signs B) gestures C) signals D) marks（C） 77. A) in B) at C) of D) for（A） 78. A) whereas B) since C) anyhow D) somehow（A） 79. A) boundless B) changeable C) limitless D) ceaseless（C） 80. A) ordinary B) alike C) common D) general（D）

填空题A. The famous athletes in the Games B. The origin of Olympic Games C. Interruption of the Games D. Honor given to the winners E. Olympic Games held nowadays F. Hosting countries of the Games G. Spectators and events of the ancient Games 1 In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 BC. But before that, the ancient Olympic Games may have existed for centuries. In the long history of human development, in addition to the ancient religion of social and cultural phenomenon, the Olympic movement can be regarded as one of the oldest social and cultural phenomenon. 2 The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman, was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boy"s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modem Olympic Games. 3 On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modem standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling. 4 After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 AD. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. In 1896 year 6 April to 15 April, Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games. 5 Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athlete"s expenses. The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun"s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolizes the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. So the torch symbolizes peace, light, and so the significance of unity and friendship. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modem conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games. Among them, the blue represents Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Oceania, red for the Americas.