英译汉 This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 1 through 5. Increasing numbers of international students are choosing Australia as their overseas study destination. Each year we welcome 80,000 international students from all over the world. Australia is an attractive and safe place to live and we enjoy a very high standard of living. Australia's major cities all have something special to offer. Brisbane and other cities in Queensland boast(以有……而自豪) the best weather, welcoming and friendly people, competitive living and tuition costs, opportunities for adventure tourism and modern cities with thriving arts and cultural scenes, brilliant sunsets and great beaches. Sydney is our biggest city with bright lights, great people and an exciting lifestyle built around the magnificent Sydney Harbor. Having hosted the 2000 Olympics and the 2003 Rugby World Cup - and being the home of the famous Opera House and Bondai Beach - Sydney is an excellent city with many varied options for entertainment. More and more exciting things will be happening in this already vibrant(充满生气的) city. Melbourne is literally littered with international restaurants and street cafes, and produces some of Australia's best musicians. Melbourne is actually quite European in its flavor with a distinct multicultural population. This is reflected again in the variety of restaurants around Melbourne and the cultural displays that are present everywhere. Melbourne also celebrates its diversity(多样性) in festivals throughout the year. Finally, Perth seems to have a little bit of everything and claims to be the world's biggest kept secret. Situated on the Swan River, Perth is famous for its cleanliness and great weather. Certainly, Perth and Melbourne and Brisbane have proven to be very popular choices for international students. 1. Brisbane and other cities in Queensland are proud of the following EXCEPT( ). A) the best weather C) welcoming and friendly people B) opportunities for adventure tourism D) being the biggest city 2. Which city held the Rugby World Cup in 2003? ( ). A) Brisbane. B) Sydney. C) Melbourne. D) Queensland. 3. Which city is quite European in its flavor? ( ). A) Sydney. B) Brisbane. C) Melbourne. D) Perth. 4. In Perth you can see( ). A) the famous Opera House C) Australia's best musicians B) international restaurants D) the Swan River 5. The reason why Perth, Melbourne and Brisbane have proven to be very popular choices for international students isn't( ). A) that they have competitive living and tuition costs B) that they have an exciting lifestyle C) that they have a distinct multicultural population D) that they seem to have a little bit of everything

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Birds that are literally half asleep—with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping—control which side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks. Earlier studies have documented half brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brain hemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eye controlled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere’s eye stays open and alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once. Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the more vulnerable, end of the row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on the side away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gaze direction. Also, birds dozing (打盹) at the end of the line resorted to single hemisphere sleep, rather than total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in a four duck row, the researchers found outer birds half asleep during some 32 percent of dozing time versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots. “We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep and wakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain,” the researchers say. The results provide the best evidence for a long standing supposition that single hemisphere sleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookout side could be widespread, he predicts. He’s seen it in a pair of birds dozing side by side in the zoo and in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror side eye closed as if the reflection were a companion and the other eye stayed open. Useful as half sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water mammals (哺乳动物) as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says he wonders if birds’ half brain sleep “is just the tip of the iceberg (冰山)” He speculates that more examples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species. 11. A new study on birds’ sleep has revealed that ________. A) half brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birds B) half brain sleep is characterized by slow brain waves C) birds can control their half brain sleep consciously D) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest（C） 12. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because ________. A) they have to watch out for possible attacks B) their brain hemispheres take turns to rest C) the two halves of their brain are differently structured D) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions（A） 13. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that ________. A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespread B) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security C) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of security D) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror（C） 14. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to ________. A) alert themselves to the approaching enemy B) emerge from water now and then to breathe C) be sensitive to the ever changing environment D) avoid being swept away by rapid currents（B） 15. By “just the tip of the iceberg” (Line 2, Para. 8), Siegel suggests that ________. A) half brain sleep has something to do with icy weather B) the mystery of half brain sleep is close to being solved C) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepers D) half brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other species（D） Passage Two Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. A nine year old schoolgirl single handedly cooks up a science fair experiment that ends up debunking (揭穿…的真相) a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa’s target was a practice known as therapeutic (治疗的) touch (TT for short), whose advocates manipulate patients’ “energy fieldto make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily’s test shows that these energy fields can’t be detected, even by trained TT practitioners (行医者). Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to declare, “Age doesn’t matter. It’s good science that matters, and this is good science.” Emily’s mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late ‘80s, when she learned it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.) don’t even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient’s body, pushing energy fields around until they’re in “balance.” TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve Pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, to smooth patients’ energy, sometimes during surgery. Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing—something they haven’t been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He’s had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth grader? Says Emily: “I think they didn’t take me very seriously because I’m a kid.” The experiment was straight forward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs left or right and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they’d done no better than they would have by simply guessing. If there was an energy field, they couldn’t feel it. 16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced? A) TT has been in existence for decades. B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch. C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals. D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment.（C） 17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because ________. A) they didn’t take the offer seriously B) they didn’t want to risk their career C) they were unwilling to reveal their secret D) they thought it was not in line with their practice（C） 18. The purpose of Emily Rosa’s experiment was ________. A) to see why TT could work the way it did B) to find out how TT cured patients’ illnesses C) to test whether she could sense the human energy field D) to test whether a human energy field really existed（D） 19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emil’s experiment? A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing. B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun. C) It was more straightforward than other experiments. D) They sensed no harm in a little girl’s experiment.（D） 20. What can we learn from the passage? A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving. B) Solid evidence weighs more than pure theories. C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners. D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand.（A） Passage Three Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind of sys tem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a special purpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is a mixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated or manual driven cars. A special purpose lane system would require more extensive physical modifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in freeway (高速公路) capacity. Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing this information to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching the automated highway. If a mixed traffic system way was in place, automated driving could begin whenever the driver was on suitably equipped roads. If special purpose lanes were available, the car could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use a special onramp (入口引道). As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devices installed on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and to ascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passed such tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In this case, the transition from manual to auto mated control would take place on the entrance ramp. An alternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated and regular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a “transition” lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved for automated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be well respected, because all trespassers (非法进入者) could be swiftly identified by authorities.) Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement of newly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow for smooth merging without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehicle had settled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morning paper or just relax. 21. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways ________. A) are being planned B) are being modified C) are now in wide use D) are under construction（A） 22. A special purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that ________. A) it would require only minor changes to existing highways B) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiency C) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehicles D) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles（B） 23. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway? A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations. B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system. C) The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it. D) The driver should share the automated lane with those of regular vehicles.（C） 24. We know from the passage that a car can enter a special purpose lane ________. A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional lane B) by way of a ramp with electronic control devices C) through a specially guarded gate D) after all trespassers are identified and removed（B） 25. When driving in an automated lane, the driver ________. A) should harmonize with newly entering cars B) doesn’t have to rely on his computer system C) should watch out for potential accidents D) doesn’t have to hold on to the steering wheel（D） Passage Four Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top of the list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; to read, write and compute at certain levels; and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision of intelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures of self fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it some discouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational merit badges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is “intelligent.” Yet mental hospitals are filled with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator of intelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day. If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it’s worth, then you are an intelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that given your inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because you have the ultimate weapon against the big N.B.D.—Nervous Break Down. “Intelligent people do not have N.B.D.’s because they are in charge of themselves. They know how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problems of their lives. You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Every one who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N.B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare. 26. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured in terms of one’s ability to read, write and compute ________. A) is a widely held but wrong concept B) will help eliminate intellectual prejudice C) is the root of all mental distress D) will contribute to one’s self fulfillment（A） 27. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree ________. A) may result in one’s inability to solve complex real life problems B) does not indicate one’s ability to write properly worded documents C) may make one mentally sick and physically weak D) does not mean that one is highly intelligent（D） 28. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows ________. A) how to put up with some very prevalent myths B) how to find the best way to achieve success in tire C) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhile D) how to persuade others to compromise（C） 29. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that ________. A) difficulties are but part of everyone’s life B) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life C) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances D) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence（A） 30. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare? A) Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness. B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness. C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N.B.D’s. D) Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.（B）

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. When global warming finally came, it stuck with a vengeance (异乎寻常地). In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet, flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptation was farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago. As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past—and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet’s environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years. Most importantly, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a major impact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in some instances been driven by it. The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Among other things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign (宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years—during which agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared—is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth’s climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future—even without the influence of human activity. 21. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged ________. A) to give up his former way of life B) to leave the coastal areas C) to follow the ever-shifting vegetation D) to abandon his original settlement（A） 22. Earth scientists have come to understand that climate ________. A) is going through a fundamental change B) has been getting warmer for 10,000 years C) will eventually change from hot to cold D) has gone through periodical changes（D） 23. Scientists believe that human evolution ________. A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changes B) has exerted little influence on climatic changes C) has largely been effected by climatic changes D) has had a major impact on climatic changes（C） 24. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that ________. A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth’s environment B) Earth’s environment will remain mild despite human interference C) Earth’s climate is bound to change significantly in the future D) Earth’s climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future（C） 25. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that ________. A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changes B) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climate C) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming process D) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of nature（B） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Now woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess (公爵夫人) of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life. Being rich wouldn’t be bad either, but that won’t happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating, and excessive eating is one of Christianity’s seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. Our obsession (迷恋) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber—than a weight problem. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get (or already are) thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory (虚荣). 26. In the eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that ________. A) the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtue B) looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortune C) being thin is viewed as a much desired quality D) religious people are not necessarily virtuous（C） 27. Swept by the prevailing trend, the author ________. A) had to go on a diet for the greater part of her life B) could still prevent herself from going off the track C) had to seek help from rich distant relatives D) had to wear highly fashionable clothes（A） 28. In human history, people’s views on body weight ________. A) were closely related to their religious beliefs B) changed from time to time C) varied between the poor and the rich D) led to different moral standards（B） 29. The author criticizes women’s obsession with thinness ________. A) from an economic and educational perspective B) from sociological and medical points of view C) from a historical and religious standpoint D) in the light of moral principles（B） 30. What’s the author’s advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness? A) They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle. B) They should be more watchful for fatal diseases. C) They should gain weight to look healthy. D) They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.（A） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existences of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments. 31. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that ________. A) it threatens the existing social systems B) it is influenced by society C) it has roots in religious conflicts D) it is directed against institutions of law（B） 32. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is ________. A) to control violence within a society B) to protect the world from chaos C) to free society from the idea of revenge D) to give the government absolute power（A） 33. What does the author mean by saying “... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)? A) Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence. B) Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis. C) Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge. D) Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.（D） 34. The word “allegiance” (Line 4, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to ________. A) loyalty B) objective C) survival D) motive（A） 35. What can we learn from the last paragraph? A) Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war. B) In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders. C) In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people. D) Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.（D） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied. In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in anemic fashion, the concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved. How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups. 36. According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to ________. A) be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures B) view them from their own cultural perspective C) guard against interference from their own culture D) accept readily what is alien to their own culture（B） 37. What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach? A) They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues. B) The former is biased while the latter is objective. C) The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues. D) They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.（A） 38. Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more ________. A) culturally interactive B) culturally biased C) culture-oriented D) culture-specific（D） 39. The etic approach is concerned with ________. A) the general characteristics of minority families B) culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups C) features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups D) the economic conditions of different types of families（C） 40. Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the ________ U.S. according to the passage? A) Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable. B) Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend. C) They don’t interact with each other so much as White families. D) They have closer family ties than White families.（D）

英译汉 After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 1 to 5. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D, You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Korean culture is really exciting right now. The Korean Wave is sweeping Asian countries including China Young people are going crazy about Korean TV dramas, Korean pop songs, teakwood and the Korean language. The Korean Wave started a few years ago with the TV series "Winter Sonata". This love story is still popular. People, especially girls, like the beautiful story and handsome actors like Bae Yong Jun (裴勇俊). In the music world, Korean girls are making themselves heard in China You can often find big Korean names like Baby Vox, S. E. S and Finkle at the top of the Chinese music charts (排行榜). The Korean Wave has also made young people want to try the clothes and hairstyles of pop stars, too. Not only that. Now some girls in China are having plastic surgery (整容) to change the way they look. People say some beautiful Korean stars have had plastic surgery. Those stars don't make plastic surgery look shameful (丢面子). Are all the faces of beautiful Korean girls not real? Find out for yourself when you next time visit South Korea. 1. What does the Korea Wave refer to? It refers to( ). A、Korean TV dramas B、Korean culture C、Korean language D、Korean actors 2. When did the Korean Wave start? It started with( ). A、the Korean pop songs B、Taekwondo C、the TV series "Winter Sonata" D、the Korean food 3. Who is the famous actor in Korean dramas? ( ). A、Bae Yong Jun B、Baby Vox C、 S.E. S D、Finkle 4. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? ( ). A、Winter Sonata tells a very famous love story. B、Young people like Korean pop stars' clothes and hairstyles. C、Chinese girls also want to try plastic surgery. D、Korean pop stars think plastic surgery is shameful. 5. Korean stars often change their looks by( ). A、singing pop songs B、acting in TV dramas C、trying different food D、having plastic surgery

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn’t any crime to worry about. Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world’s biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors. SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking (黑客的) tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle (闯入…...行窃). But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right. SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder. So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer. At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage. But let’s look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world’s biggest (almost) crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn’t much to steal. Or because vandalism ( 恶意破坏) isn’t much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone. Whatever the reason, let’s enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for. 21. By saying “... owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors” (Lines 3-4, Para. 2), the author means that ________. A) those happy times appear still to be with us B) there simply wasn’t any crime to worry about C) many sites are not well-protected D) hackers try out tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in（C） 22. SATAN, a program designed by Dan Fanner can be used ________. A) to investigate the security of Internet sites B) to improve the security of the Internet system C) to prevent hackers from breaking into websites D) to download useful programs and information（A） 23. Fanner’s program has been criticized by the public because. A) it causes damage to Net browsers B) it can break into Internet sites C) it can be used to cause disorder on all sites D) it can be used by people with evil intent（D） 24. The author’s attitude toward SATAN is ________. A) enthusiastic B) critical C) positive D) indifferent（C） 25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that ________. A) we should make full use of the Internet before security measures are strengthened B) we should alert the most influential businessmen to the importance of security C) influential businessmen should give priority to the improvement of Net security D) net inhabitants should not let security measures affect their joy of surfing the Internet（A） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. I came away from my years of teaching on the college and university level with a conviction that enactment (扮演角色), performance, dramatization are the most successful forms of teaching. Students must be incorporated, made, so far as possible, an integral part of the learning process. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case. Of Ezekiel Cheever, the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his lessons that his pupils “came to work as though they came to play,” and Alfred North Whitehead, almost three hundred years later, noted that a teacher should make his/her students “glad they were there.” Since, we are told, 80 to 90 percent of all instruction in the typical university is by the lecture method, we should give close attention to this form of education. There is, I think, much truth in Patricia Nelson Limerick’s observation that “lecturing is an unnatural act, an act for which God did not design humans. It is perfectly all right, now and then, for a human to be possessed by the urge to speak, and to speak while others remain silent. But to do this regularly, one hour and 15 minutes at a time... for one person to drag on while others sit in silence?... I do not believe that this is what the Creator... designed humans to do.” The strange, almost incomprehensible fact is that many professors, just as they feel obliged to write dully, believe that they should lecture dully. To show enthusiasm is to risk appearing unscientific, unobjective; it is to appeal to the students’ emotions rather than their intellect. Thus the ideal lecture is one filled with facts and read in an unchanged monotone. The cult (推崇) of lecturing dully, like the cult of writing dully, goes back, of course, some years. Edward Shils, professor of sociology, recalls the professors he encountered at the University of Pennsylvania in his youth. They seemed “a priesthood, rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing; they never referred to anything personal. Some read from old lecture notes and then haltingly explained the thumb-worn last lines. Others lectured from cards that had served for years, to judge by the worn edges... The teachers began on time, ended on time, and left the room without saying a word more to their students, very seldom being detained by questioners... The classes were not large, yet there was no discussion. No questions were raised in class, and there were no office hours.” 26. The author believes that a successful teacher should be able to ________. A) make dramatization an important aspect of students’ learning B) make inspired play an integral part of the learning process C) improve students’ learning performance D) make study just as easy as play（B） 27. The majority of university professors prefer the traditional way of lecturing in the belief that ________. A) it draws the close attention of the students B) it conforms in a way to the design of the Creator C) it presents course content in a scientific and objective manner D) it helps students to comprehend abstract theories more easily（C） 28. What the author recommends in this passage is that ________. A) college education should be improved through radical measures B) more freedom of choice should be given to students in their studies C) traditional college lectures should be replaced by dramatized performances D) interaction should be encouraged in the process of teaching（D） 29. By saying “They seemed ‘a priesthood, rather uneven in their merits but uniform in their bearing...’” (Lines 3-4, Para. 4), the author means that ________. A) professors are a group of professionals that differ in their academic ability but behave in the same way B) professors are like priests wearing the same kind of black gown but having different roles to play C) there is no fundamental difference between professors and priests though they differ in their merits D) professors at the University of Pennsylvania used to wear black suits which made them look like priests（A） 30. Whose teaching method is particularly commended by the author? A) Ezekiel Cheever’s. B) Cotton Mather’s. C) Alfred North Whitehead’s. D) Patricia Nelson Limerick’s.（A） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Take the case of public education alone. The principal difficulty faced by the schools has been the tremendous increase in the number of pupils. This has been caused by the advance of the legal age for going into industry and the impossibility of finding a job even when the legal age has been reached. In view of the technological improvements in the last few years, business will require in the future proportionately fewer workers than ever before. The result will be still further raising of he legal age for going into employment, and still further difficulty in finding employment when hat age has been attained. If we cannot put our children to work, we must put them in school. We may also be quite confident that the present trend toward a shorter day and a shorter week will be maintained. We have developed and shall continue to have a new leisure class. Already the public agencies for adult education are swamped by the tide that has swept over them since depression began. They will be little better off when it is over. Their support must come from the taxpayer. It is surely too much to hope that these increases in the cost of public education can be borne by the local communities. They cannot care for the present restricted and inadequate system. The local communities have failed in their efforts to cope with unemployment. They cannot expect to cope with public education on the scale on which we must attempt it. The answer to the problem of unemployment has been Federal relief. The answer to the problem of public education may have to be much the same, and properly so. If there is one thing in which the citizens of all parts of the country have an interest, it is in the decent education of the citizens of all parts of the country. Our income tax now goes in part to keep our neighbors alive. It may have to go in part as well to make our neighbors intelligent. We are now attempting to preserve the present generation through Federal relief of the destitute (贫民). Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require. 31. What is the passage mainly about? A) How to persuade local communities to provide more funds. B) How to cope with the shortage of funds for public education. C) How to solve the rising unemployment problem. D) How to improve the public education system.（B） 32. What is the reason for the increase in the number of students? A) The requirement of educated workers by business. B) Raising of the legal age for going to work. C) The trend toward a shorter workday. D) People’s concern for the future of the next generation.（B） 33. The public agencies for adult education will be little better off because ________. A) the unemployed are too poor to continue their education B) a new leisure class has developed C) they are still suffering from the depression D) an increase in taxes could be a problem（D） 34. According to the author, the answer to the problem of public education is that the Federal government ________. A) should allocate Federal funds for public education B) should demand that local communities provide support C) should raise taxes to meet the needs of public education D) should first of all solve the problem of unemployment（A） 35. Why does the author say “Only a people determined to ruin the next generation will refuse such Federal funds as public education may require” (Lines 10-11, Para. 3)? A) Only by appropriating adequate Federal funds for education can the next generation have a bright future. B) Citizens of all parts of the country agree that the best way to support education is to use Federal funds. C) People all over the country should make contributions to education in the interest of the next generation. D) Educated people are determined to use part of the Federal funds to help the poor.（A） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times, making people’s vision sharper than that of cats. Bille and his team work with an optical instrument called an active mirror—a device used in astronomical telescopes to spot newly emerging stars and far distant galaxies. Connected to a wave-front sensor that tracks and measures the course of a laser beam into the eye and back, the aluminum mirror detects the deficiencies of the cornea, the transparent protective layer covering the lens of the human eye. The highly precise data from the two instruments—which, Bille hopes, will one day be found at the opticians (眼镜商) all over the world—serve as a basis for the production of completely individualized contact lenses that correct and enhance the wearer’s vision. By day, Bille’s contact lenses will focus rays of light so accurately on the retina （视网膜）that the image of a small leaf or the outline of a far distant tree will be formed with a sharpness that surpasses that of conventional vision aids by almost half a diopter ( 屈光度). At night, the lenses have an even greater potential. “Because the new lens—in contrast to the already existing ones—also works when it’s dark and the pupil is wide open,” says Bille, “lens wearers will be able to identify a face at a distance of 100 meters”—80 meters farther than they would normally be able to see. In his experiments night vision was enhanced by an even greater factor: in semi-darkness, test subjects could see up to 15 times better than without the lenses. Bille’s lenses are expected to reach the market in the year 2000, and one tentative plan is to use the Internet to transmit information on patients’ visual defects from the optician to the manufacturer, who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days. The physicist expects the lenses to cost about a dollar a pair, about the same as conventional one-day disposable lenses. 36. The new contact lens is meant for ________. A) astronomical observations B) the night blind C) those with vision defects D) optical experiments（C） 37. What do the two instruments mentioned in the second paragraph (Line 5) refer to? A) The astronomical telescope and the wave-front sensor. B) The aluminum mirror and the laser beam. C) The active mirror and the contact lens. D) The aluminum mirror and the wave-front sensor.（D） 38. Individualized contact lenses (Line 7, Para. 2) are lenses designed ________. A) to work like an astronomical telescope B) to suit the wearer’s specific needs C) to process extremely accurate data D) to test the wearer’s eyesight（B） 39. According to Bille, with the new lenses the wearer’s vision ________. A) will be far better at night than in the daytime B) may be broadened about 15 times than without them C) can be better improved in the daytime than at night D) will be sharper by a much greater degree at night than in the daytime（D） 40. Which of the following is true about Bille’s lenses? A) Their production process is complicated. B) They will be sold at a very low price. C) They have to be replaced every day. D) Purchase orders can be made through the Internet.（D）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Some people have malnutrition. Their diets have too much or too little of some nutrients, or too many or too few calories. Nutritionists have three major ways of deciding if a person has malnutrition: physical exams, laboratory tests, and diet studies. In the physical exam, the nutritionist looks for external signs of malnutrition. For one thing, the nutritionist looks at the patient’s skin. Rough, dry skin, for example, may mean that the patient does not have enough vitamin A. In addition, the nutritionist looks at the patient’s mouth. Cracks at the corner of the mouth, a purplish or bright red tongue, and bleeding gums can all be signs of vitamin deficiencies. The nutritionist also notices the patient’s hair. If a patient does not have enough protein, the hair may be thinner and duller than normal. In laboratory tests, nutritionists look for the amounts of nutrients patients have in their bodies. There are two main types of laboratory tests: blood and urine tests. A blood test can show, for example, if a patient has anemia from too little iron in his or her diet. A urine test shows how much vitamin is absorbed by the body and how much passes through the body because it is not needed. If the patient’s body absorbs a great deal of the vitamins, the patient may have a vitamin deficiency. There are three main ways nutritionists do diet studies. First, the nutritionist may interview the patient and ask general questions about the patient’s diet. The nutritionist might ask questions such as the following: What do you usually eat for breakfast? How much coffee do you drink in a day? How often do you eat a raw vegetable salad? Second, the nutritionist may ask the patient to recall everything she or he ate in the past 24 hours. This information represents the person’s usual diet. Finally, patients can keep their own list of what they eat. Later the nutritionist looks at the list to see if the patient ate too much or too little of any nutrient. 1.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?（ ） A、Nutritionists have two laboratory ways of deciding if a person has malnutrition. B、Having too much of some nutrients is much better than having too little of them. C、The nutritionists are able to look for external signs of malnutrition. D、Too many calories will make some people have malnutrition, too. 2.The following are external signs of vitamin deficiencies EXCEPT （ ）. A、dry skin B、thinner and duller hair C、cracks at the corner of the mouth D、purplish tongue 3.A nutritionist does diet studies by （ ）. A、asking the patient only about his general diet habit of having breakfast B、asking the patient to recall the nutritious food he ate in the past 24 hours C、asking the patient about how healthy he thinks he is D、asking the patient to provide a list he keeps of his daily diet 4.How can a urine test show a patient may have a vitamin deficiency? （ ） A、A lot of vitamins are in the urine. B、The body refuses to absorb vitamins. C、Only a few vitamins pass through the body. D、A lot of vitamins are taken in by the body. 5.How many ways do nutritionists utilize to test malnutrition in general? （ ） A、7.B、3.C、5.D、6.

英译汉 After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 1 to 5. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D, You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. In most large Japanese companies, there is a policy of lifetime employment. What this means is that when people leave school or university to join an enterprise, they can expect to remain within that organization until they retire. In effect, the employee gets job security for life, and can only be fired for serious mistakes in work. Even in times of business recession, he or she is free from the fear of being laid off. One result of this practice is that Japanese worker identifies closely with his company and feels strong loyalty to it. By working hard for the company, he believes he is safeguarding his own future. It is not surprising that devotion to one's company is considered a great virtue in Japan. A man is often prepared to put his firm's interests before those of his immediate family. The job security guaranteed by this system influences the way employees approach their work. They tend to think in terms of what they can achieve throughout their career. This is because they are not judged on how they are performing during a short period of time. They can afford to take a longer perspective than their Western counter- parts. This marriage between the employee and the company-the consequence of lifetime employment-may explain why Japanese workers seem positively to love the products their company is producing and why they are willing to stay on after work, for little overtime pay, to participate in earnest discussions about the quality control of their products. 1. Lifetime employment in the Japanese company means that the employee( ). A、leaves his company only when business is bad B、gets a job soon after he leaves school or university C、can work there throughout his career D、can have his serious mistakes in work corrected 2. Which of the following statements is incorrect? ( ). A、Family and company interests are equally important. B、The Japanese worker is very loyal to his company. C、One's future is guaranteed through hard work. D、 Devotion to one's company is encouraged. 3. Lifetime employment influences one's( ). A、achievements at work B、performance at work C、career options D、attitude toward work 4. The Japanese worker is fond of his Company's products because of( ). A、his marriage with the daughter of the president B、the close link between him and his company C、his willingness to work overtime D、his active participation in quality control 5. The passage mainly discusses( ). A、how lifetime employment works in Japan B、what benefits lifetime employment has brought to Japanese workers C、what lifetime employment is D、how lifetime employment is viewed

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. A is for always getting to work on time. B is for being extremely busy. C is for the conscientious ( 勤勤恳恳的 ) way you do your job. You may be all these things at the office, and more. But when it comes to getting ahead, experts say, the ABCs of business should include a P, for politics, as in office politics. Dale Carnegie suggested as much more than 50 years ago: Hard work alone doesn't ensure career advancement. You have to be able to sell yourself and your ideas, both publicly and behind the scenes. Yet, despite the obvious rewards of engaging in office politics—a better job, a raise, praise—many people are still unable—or unwilling—to "play the game." "People assume that office politics involves some manipulative (工于心计的) behavior," says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. "But politics derives from the word 'polite'. It can mean lobbying and forming associations. It can mean being kind and helpful, or even trying to please your superior, and then expecting something in return." In fact, today, experts define office politics as proper behavior used to pursue one's own self-interest in the workplace. In many cases, this involves some form of socializing within the office environment—not just in large companies, but in small workplaces as well. "The first thing people are usually judged on is their ability to perform well on a consistent basis," says Neil P. Lewis, a management psychologist. "But if two or three candidates are up for a promotion, each of whom has reasonably similar ability, a manager is going to promote the person he or she likes best. It's simple human nature." Yet, psychologists say, many employees and employers have trouble with the concept of politics in the office. Some people, they say, have an idealistic vision of work and what it takes to succeed. Still others associate politics with flattery(奉承), fearful that, if they speak up for themselves, they may appear to be flattering their boss for favors. Experts suggest altering this negative picture by recognizing the need for some self-promotion. 11. "Office politics" (Line 2, Para. 4) is used in the passage to refer to . A) the code of behavior for company staff B) the political views and beliefs of office workers C) the interpersonal relationships within a company D) the various qualities required for a successful career 12. To get promoted, one must not only be competent but . A) give his boss a good impression B) honest and loyal to his company C) get along well with his colleagues D) avoid being too outstanding 13. Why are many people unwilling to "play the game" (Line 4, Para. 5)? A) They believe that doing so is impractical. B) They feel that such behavior is unprincipled. C) They are not good at manipulating colleagues. D) They think the effort will get them nowhere. 14. The author considers office politics to be . A) unwelcome at the workplace B) bad for interpersonal relationships C) indispensable to the development of company culture D) an important factor for personal advancement 15. It is the author's view that . A) speaking up for oneself is part of human nature B) self-promotion does not necessarily mean flattery C) hard work contributes very little to one's promotion D) many employees fail to recognize the need of flattery Passage Two Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage. As soon as it was revealed that a reporter for Progressive magazine had discovered how to make a hydrogen bomb, a group of firearm (火器) fans formed the National Hydrogen Bomb Association, and they are now lobbying against any legislation to stop Americans from owning one. "The Constitution," said the association's spokesman, "gives everyone the right to own arms. It doesn't spell out what kind of arms. But since anyone can now make a hydrogen bomb, the public should be able to buy it to protect themselves." "Don't you think it's dangerous to have one in the house, particularly where there are children around?" "The National Hydrogen Bomb Association hopes to educate people in the safe handling of this type of weapon. We are instructing owners to keep the bomb in a locked cabinet and the fuse (导火索) separately in a drawer." "Some people consider the hydrogen bomb a very fatal weapon which could kill somebody." The spokesman said, "Hydrogen bombs don't kill people—people kill people. The bomb is for self-protection and it also has a deterrent effect. If somebody knows you have a nuclear weapon in your house, they're going to think twice about breaking in." "But those who want to ban the bomb for American citizens claim that if you have one locked in the cabinet, with the fuse in a drawer, you would never be able to assemble it in time to stop an intruder (侵入者)." "Another argument against allowing people to own a bomb is that at the moment it is very expensive to build one. So what your association is backing is a program which would allow the middle and upper classes to acquire a bomb while poor people will be left defenseless with just handguns." 16. According to the passage, some people started a national association so as to . A) block any legislation to ban the private possession of the bomb B) coordinate the mass production of the destructive weapon C) instruct people how to keep the bomb safe at home D) promote the large-scale sale of this newly invented weapon 17. Some people oppose the ownership of H-bombs by individuals on the grounds that . A) the size of the bomb makes it difficult to keep in a drawer B) most people don't know how to handle the weapon C) people's lives will be threatened by the weapon D) they may fall into the hands of criminals 18. By saying that the bomb also has a deterrent effect the spokesman means that it . A) will frighten away any possible intruders B) can show the special status of its owners C) will threaten the safety of the owners as well D) can kill those entering others' houses by force 19. According to the passage, opponents of the private ownership of H-bombs are very much worried that . A) the influence of the association is too powerful for the less privileged to overcome B) poorly-educated Americans will find it difficult to make use of the weapon C) the wide use of the weapon will push up living expenses tremendously D) the cost of the weapon will put citizens on an unequal basis 20. From the tone of the passage we know that the author is . A) doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety B) unhappy with those who vote against the ownership of H-bombs C) not serious about the private ownership of H-bombs D) concerned about the spread of nuclear weapons Passage Three Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Sign has become a scientific hot button. Only in the past 20 years have specialists in language study realized that signed languages are unique—a speech of the hand. They offer a new way to probe how the brain generates and understands language, and throw new light on an old scientific controversy: whether language, complete with grammar, is something that we are born with, or whether it is a learned behavior. The current interest in sign language has roots in the pioneering work of one rebel teacher at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the world's only liberal arts university for deaf people. When Bill Stokoe went to Gallaudet to teach English, the school enrolled him in a course in signing. But Stokoe noticed something odd: among themselves, students signed differently from his classroom teacher. Stokoe had been taught a sort of gestural code, each movement of the hands representing a word in English. At the time, American Sign Language (ASL) was thought to be no more than a form of pidgin English (混杂英语). But Stokoe believed the "hand talk" his students used looked richer. He wondered: Might deaf people actually have a genuine language? And could that language be unlike any other on Earth? It was 1955, when even deaf people dismissed their signing as "substandard". Stokoe's idea was academic heresy (异端邪说). It is 37 years later. Stokoe—now devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and the deaf culture—is having lunch at a café near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution. For decades educators fought his idea that signed languages are natural languages like English, French and Japanese. They assumed language must be based on speech, the modulation (调节) of sound. But sign language is based on the movement of hands, the modulation of space. "What I said," Stokoe explains, "is that language is not mouth stuff—it's brain stuff." 21. The study of sign language is thought to be . A) a new way to look at the learning of language B) a challenge to traditional views on the nature of language C) an approach to simplifying the grammatical structure of a language D) an attempt to clarify misunderstanding about the origin of language 22. The present growing interest in sign language was stimulated by . A) a famous scholar in the study of the human brain B) a leading specialist in the study of liberal arts C) an English teacher in a university for the deaf D) some senior experts in American Sign Language 23. According to Stokoe, sign language is . A) a substandard language B) a genuine language C) an artificial language D) an international language 24. Most educators objected to Stokoe's idea because they thought . A) sign language was not extensively used even by deaf people B) sign language was too artificial to be widely accepted C) a language should be easy to use and understand D) a language could only exist in the form of speech sounds 25. Stokoe's argument is based on his belief that . A) sign language is as efficient as any other language B) sign language is derived from natural language C) language is a system of meaningful codes D) language is a product of the brain Passage Four Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip co Angola in 1997, to support the Red Cross's campaign for a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Within hours of arriving in Angola, television screens around the world were filled with images of her comforting victims injured in explosions caused by landmines. "I knew the statistics," she said. "But putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me; like when I met Sandra, a 13- year-old girl who had lost her leg, and people like her." The Princess concluded with a simple message: "We must stop landmines". And she used every opportunity during her visit to repeat this message. But, back in London, her views were not shared by some members of the British government, which refused to support a ban on these weapons. Angry politicians launched an attack on the Princess in the press. They described her as "very ill-informed" and a "loose cannon (乱放炮的人).” The Princess responded by brushing aside the criticisms: "This is a distraction (干扰) we do not need. All I'm trying to do is help." Opposition parties, the media and the public immediately voiced their support for the Princess. To make matters worse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princess's trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British government's policy regarding landmines. The result was a severe embarrassment for the government. To try and limit the damage, the Foreign Secretary, Malcolm Rifkidnd, claimed that the Princess's views on landmines were not very different from government policy, and that it was "working towards" a worldwide ban. The Defence Secretary, Michael Portillo, claimed the matter was "a misinterpretation or misunderstanding." For the Princess, the trip to this war-torn country was an excellent opportunity to use her popularity to show the world how much destruction and suffering landmines can cause. She said that the experience had also given her the chance to get closer to people and their problems. 26. Princess Diana paid a visit to Angola in 1997 . A) to voice her support for a total ban of landmines B) to clarify the British government's stand on landmines C) to investigate the sufferings of landmine victims there D) to establish her image as a friend of landmine victims 27. What did Diana mean when she said "... putting a face to those figures brought the reality home to me" (Line 5, Para.1)? A) She just couldn't bear to meet the landmine victims face to face. B) The actual situation in Angola made her feel like going back home. C) Meeting the landmine victims in person made her believe the statistics. D) Seeing the pain of the victims made her realize the seriousness of the situation. 28. Some members of the British government criticized Diana because . A) she was ill-informed of the government's policy B) they were actually opposed to banning landmines C) she had not consulted the government before the visit D) they believed that she had misinterpreted the situation in Angola 29. How did Diana respond to the criticisms? A) She paid no attention to them. B) She made more appearances on TV. C) She met the 13-year-old girl as planned. D) She rose to argue with her opponents. 30. What did Princess Diana think of her visit to Angola? A) It had caused embarrassment to the British government. B) It had brought her closer to the ordinary people. C) It had greatly promoted her popularity. D) It had affected her relations with the British government.

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Passage one Too many vulnerable child-free adults are being ruthlessly (无情的) manipulated into parent-hood by their parents, who think that happiness among older people depends on having a grand-child to spoil. We need an organization to help beat down the persistent campaigns of grandchildless parents. It’s time to establish Planned Grandparenthood, which would have many global and local benefits. Part of its mission would be to promote the risks and realities associated with being a grandparent. The staff would include depressed grandparents who would explain how grandkids break lamps, bite, scream and kick. Others would detail how an hour of baby-sitting often turns into a crying marathon. More grandparents would testify that they had to pay for their grandchild’s expensive college education. Planned grandparenthood’s carefully written literature would detail all the joys of life grand-child-free a calm living room, extra money for luxuries during the golden years, etc. Potential grandparents would be reminded that, without grandchildren around, it’s possible to have a conversation with your kids, who—incidentally—would have more time for their own parents. Meanwhile, most children are vulnerable to the enormous influence exerted by grandchildless parents aiming to persuade their kids to produce children. They will take a call from a persistent parent, even if they’re loaded with works. In addition, some parents make handsome money offers payable upon the grandchild’s birth. Sometimes these gifts not only cover expenses associated with the infant’s birth, but extras, too, like a vacation. In any case, cash gifts can weaken the resolve of even the noblest person. At Planned Grandparenthood, children targeted by their parents to reproduce could obtain non-biased information about the insanity of having their own kids. The catastrophic psychological and economic costs of childbearing would be emphasized. The symptoms of morning sickness would be listed and horrors of childbirth pictured. A monthly newsletter would contain stories about overwhelmed parents and offer guidance on how childless adults can respond to the different lobbying tactics that would-be grandparents employ. When I think about all the problems of our overpopulated world and look at our boy grabbing at the lamp by the sofa, I wish I could have turned to Planned Grandparenthood when my parents were putting the grandchild squeeze on me. If I could have, I might not be in this parenthood predicament (窘境). But here’s the crazy irony, I don’t want my child-free life back. Dylan’s too much fun. 21.What’s the purpose of the proposed organization Planned Grandparenthood? A) To encourage childless couples to have children. B) To provide facilities and services for grandchildless parents. C) To offer counseling to people on how to raise grandchildren. D) To discourage people from insisting on having grandchildren.（D） 22.Planned Grandparenthood would include depressed grandparents on its staff in order to ________. A) show them the joys of life grandparents may have in raising grandchildren B) draw attention to the troubles and difficulties grandchildren may cause C) share their experience in raising grandchildren in a more scientific way D) help raise funds to cover the high expense of education for grandchildren（B） 23.According to the passage, some couples may eventually choose to have children because ________. A) they find it hard to resist the carrot-and-stick approach of their parents B) they have learn from other parents about the joys of having children C) they feel more and more lonely ad they grow older D) they have found it irrational to remain childless（A） 24.By saying “... my parents were putting the grandchild squeeze on me” (Line 2-3, Para. 6), the author means that ________. A) her parents kept pressuring her to have a child B) her parents liked to have a grandchild in their arms C) her parents asked her to save for the expenses of raising a child D) her parents kept blaming her for her child’s bad behavior（A） 25.What does the author really of the idea of having children? A) It does more harm than good. B) It contributes to overpopulation. C) It is troublesome but rewarding. D) It is a psychological catastrophe.（C） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. Ask most people how they define the American Dream and chances are they’ll say, “Success.” The dream of individual opportunity has been home in American since Europeans discovered a “new world” in the Western Hemisphere. Early immigrants like Hector St. Jean de Crevecoeur praised highly the freedom and opportunity to be found in this new land. His glowing descriptions of a classless society where anyone could attain success through honesty and hard work fired the imaginations of many European readers: in Letters from an American Farmer (1782) he wrote. “We are all excited at the spirit of an industry which is unfettered (无拘无束的) and unrestrained, because each person works for himself ... We have no princes, for whom we toil (干苦力活)，starve, and bleed: we are the most perfect society now existing in the world.” The promise of a land where “the rewards of a man’s industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” drew poor immigrants from Europe and fueled national expansion into the western territories. Our national mythology (神化) is full of illustration the American success story. There’s Benjamin Franklin, the very model of the self-educated, self-made man, who rose from modest origins to become a well-known scientist, philosopher, and statesman. In the nineteenth century, Horatio Alger, a writer of fiction for young boys, became American’s best-selling author with rags-to-riches tales. The notion of success haunts us: we spend million every year reading about the rich and famous, learning how to “make a fortune in real estate with no money down,” and “dressing for success.” The myth of success has even invaded our personal relationships: today it’s as important to be “successful” in marriage or parenthoods as it is to come out on top in business. But dreams easily turn into nightmares. Every American who hopes to “make it” also knows the fear of failure, because the myth of success inevitably implies comparison between the haves and the have-nots, the stars and the anonymous crowd. Under pressure of the myth, we become indulged in status symbols: we try to live in the “right” neighborhoods, wear the “right” clothes, eat the “right” foods. These symbols of distinction assure us and others that we believe strongly in the fundamental equality of all, yet strive as hard as we can to separate ourselves from our fellow citizens. 26.What is the essence of the American Dream according to Crevecoeur? A) People are free to develop their power of imagination. B) People who are honest and work hard can succeed. C) People are free from exploitation and oppression. D) People can fully enjoy individual freedom.（D） 27.By saying “the rewards of a man’s industry follow with equal steps the progress of his labor” (Line 10, Para. 1), the author means ________. A) the more diligent one is, the bigger his returns B) laborious work ensures the growth of an industry C) a man’s business should be developed step by step D) a company’s success depends on its employees’ hard work（A） 28.The characters described in Horatio Alger’s novels are people who ________. A) succeed in real estate investment B) earned enormous fortunes by chances C) became wealthy after starting life very poor D) became famous despite their modest origins（C） 29.It can be inferred from the last sentence of the second paragraph that ________. A) business success often contributes to a successful marriage B) Americans wish to succeed in every aspect of life C) good personal relationships lead to business success D) successful business people provide good care for their children（B） 30.What is the paradox of American culture according to the author? A) The American road to success is full of nightmares. B) Status symbols are not a real indicator of a person’s wealth. C) The American Dream is nothing but an empty dream. D) What Americans strive after often contradicts their beliefs.（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most government, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise ha brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines ‘our scientists’ have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments (病痛), and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable (难治疗的) conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to ‘economics needs’, that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are ‘near the market’ and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit. In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people many still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding. This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing then a venal (可以收买的). This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as ‘experts’. The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary. 31.What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research? A) Support from the votes. B) The reduction of public expenditure. C) Quick economics returns. D) The budget for a research project.（B） 32.Scientist have to adapt their research to ‘economic needs’ in order to ________. A) impress the public with their achievements B) pursue knowledge for knowledge’s sake C) obtain funding from the government D) translate knowledge into wealth（C） 33.Why won’t scientists complain about the government’s policy concerning scientific research? A) They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge. B) They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves. C) They know it takes patience to win support from the public. D) They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.（A） 34.According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ________. A) their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong B) sometimes they hide the source of their research funding C) some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty D) they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned（D） 35.Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects? A) It makes things difficult for scientists seeking research funds. B) People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth. C) It may dampen the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research. D) Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.（B） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. In many ways, today’s business environment has changed qualitatively since the late 1980s. The end of the Cold War radically altered the very nature of the world’s politics and economics. In just a few short years, globalization has started a variety of trends with profound consequences: the opening of markets, true global competition, widespread deregulation (解除政府对…的控制) of industry, and an abundance of accessible capital. We have experienced both the benefits and risks of a truly global economy, with both Wall Street and Main Street (平民百姓) feeling the pains of economic disorder half a world away. At the same time, we have fully entered the Information Age, Starting breakthroughs in information technology have irreversibly altered the ability to conduct business unconstrained by the traditional limitations of time or space. Today, it’s almost impossible to imagine a world without intranets, e-mail, and portable computers. With stunning speed, the Internet is profoundly changing the way we work, shop, do business, and communicate. As a consequence, we have truly entered the Post-Industrial economy. We are rapidly shifting from an economy based on manufacturing and commodities to one that places the greatest value on information, services, support, and distribution. That shift, in turn, place an unprecedented premium on “knowledge workers,” a new class of wealthy, educated, and mobile people who view themselves as free agents in a seller’s market. Beyond the realm of information technology, the accelerated pace of technological change in virtually every industry has created entirely new business, wiped out others, and produced a Pervasive (广泛的) demand for continuous innovation. New product, process, and distribution technologies provide powerful levers for creating competitive value. More companies are learning the importance of destructive technologies—innovations that hold the potential to make a product line, or even an entire business segment, virtually outdated. Another major trend has been the fragmentation of consumer and business markets. There’s a growing appreciation that superficially similar groups of customers may have very different preferences in terms of what they want to buy and how they want to buy it. Now, new technology makes it easier, faster, and cheaper to identify and serve targeted micro-markets in ways that were physically impossible or prohibitively expensive in the past. Moreover, the trend feeds on itself, a business’s ability to serve sub-markets fuels customers’ appetites for more and more specialized offerings. 36.According to the first paragraph, the chances in the business environment in the past decades can be attributed to ________. A) technological advances B) worldwide economic disorder C) the fierce competition in industry D) the globalization of economy（D） 37.what idea does the author want to convey in the second paragraph? A) The rapid development of information technology has taken businessmen by surprise. B) Information technology has removed the restrictions of time and space in business transactions. C) The Internet, intranets, e-mail, and portable computers have penetrated every corner of the world. D) The way we do business today has brought about startling breakthroughs in information technology.（B） 38.If a business wants to thrive in the Post-Industrial economy, ________. A) it has to invest more capital in the training of free agents to operate in a seller’s market B) it should try its best to satisfy the increasing demands of mobile knowledgeable people C) it should not overlook the importance of information, services, support, and distribution D) it has to provide each of its employees with the latest information about the changing market（C） 39.In the author’s view, destructive technologies are innovations which ________. A) can eliminate an entire business segment B) demand a radical change in providing services C) may destroy the potential of a company to make any profit D) call for continuous improvement in ways of doing business（A） 40.With the fragmentation of consumer and business markets ________. A) an increasing number of companies have disintegrated B) manufacturers must focus on one special product to remain competitive in the market C) it is physically impossible and prohibitively expensive to do business in the old way D) businesses have to meet individual customers’ specific needs in order to succeed（D）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. What most people don't realize is that wealth isn't the same as income. If you make $1 million a year and spend $1 million, you're not getting wealthier; you're just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend. How do you become wealthy? There, too, most people have it wrong. It's rarely luck or inheritance or even intelligence that builds fortunes. Wealth is more often the inexorable result of a person's hard work, perseverance and most of all, self-discipline. The most successful accumulators of wealth spend less than they can, no houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It's an attitude. The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and houses, I've found, tend to skimp on (对……吝啬) investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice. The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: They have a dollar figure in mind? The amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps, and they work unceasingly (不断地) toward that goal. One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth—not just income—your goal, the luxurious house you've been dreaming about won't seem so alluring. You'll have the attitude. 1.You are wealthy if you （ ）. A、earn a large income B、enjoy a high standard of life C、are able to spend large sums of money D、save up an amount of money 2.Which of the following is the most important factor to be wealthy?（ ） A、Good fortune. B、Intelligence. C、Hard work D、Self discipline. 3.Why don't the wealthy spend much money on cars, vacation and entertainment?（ ） A、Because they cannot afford these luxuries. B、Because they cannot gain wealth from these things. C、Because they are busily engaged in their business and they have no free time. D、Because they put their money into other investments, which leaves them no money for these things. 4.Which kind of the following people would be most likely to seek professional advice?（ ） A、The people who intend to buy house. B、The people who have financial problem. C、The people who invest in business. D、The workers who build up a skyscraper. 5.Which of the following statements is TRUE?（ ） A、The rich people have the same goal of retiring at 50 when they have earned a certain sum of money. B、The wealthy people share two things—the amount of money they will make and diligence. C、The wealthy people usually retire at the age of 50 and then enjoy the rest of their life happily. D、Luxurious house is a sign of people's wealth, so wealthy people are sure to buy it.

英译汉 Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked A),B),C)and D).Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points) Passage1 　Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. 　　No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. 　　A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. 　　Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 51. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as ________. 　　A) sociology and chemistry 　　B) physics and psychology 　　C) sociology and psychology 　　D) physics and chemistry 52. We can infer from the passage that ________. 　　A) there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation 　　B) amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science 　　C) professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community 　　D) amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 53. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ________. 　　A) the process of specialisation and professionalisation 　　B) the hardship of amateurs in scientific study 　　C) the change of policies in scientific publications 　　D) the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 54. The direct reason for specialisation is ________. 　　A) the development in communication 　　B) the growth of professionalisation 　　C) the expansion of scientific knowledge 　　D) the splitting up of academic societies passage 2 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. 　　There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access — after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had. 　　Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential. 　　To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's Second Wave infrastructure — including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on — were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. 55. Digital divide is something ________. 　　A) getting worse because of the Internet 　　B) the rich countries are responsible for 　　C) the world must guard against 　　D) considered positive today 56. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it ________. 　　A) offers economic potentials 　　B) can bring foreign funds 　　C) can soon wipe out world poverty 　　D) connects people all over the world 57. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of ________. 　　A) providing financial support overseas 　　B) preventing foreign capital's control 　　C) building industrial infrastructure 　　D) accepting foreign investment 58. It seems that now a country's economy depends much on ________. 　　A) how well-developed it is electronically 　　B) whether it is prejudiced against immigrants 　　C) whether it adopts America's industrial pattern 　　D) how much control it has over foreign corporations passage 3 Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project. 　　Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. 　　But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day's events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news. 　　There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the "standard templates" of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. 　　Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they're less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. 　　Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn't rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. 　　This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 59. What is the passage mainly about? 　　A) Needs of the readers all over the world. 　　B) Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers. 　　C) Origins of the declining newspaper industry. 　　D) Aims of a journalism credibility project. 60. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ________. 　　A) quite trustworthy 　　B) somewhat contradictory 　　C) very illuminating 　　D) rather superficial 61. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________. 　　A) working attitude 　　B) conventional lifestyle 　　C) world outlook 　　D) educational background 62. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its ________. 　　A) failure to realize its real problem 　　B) tendency to hire annoying reporters 　　C) likeliness to do inaccurate reporting 　　D) prejudice in matters of race and gender passage 4 The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?" 　　There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20/% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25/% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43/% to almost 70/% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. 　　I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out. 　　While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline — after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s — and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. 　　For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life — growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one — as a personal recognition of your limitations. 67. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1? 　　A) Full-time employment is a new international trend. 　　B) The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job. 　　C) "A lateral move" means stepping out of full-time employment. 　　D) The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family. 68. The writer's experiment shows that downshifting ________. 　　A) enables her to realize her dream 　　B) helps her mold a new philosophy of life 　　C) prompts her to abandon her high social status 　　D) leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine 69. "Juggling one's life" probably means living a life characterized by ________. 　　A) non-materialistic lifestyle 　　B) a bit of everything 　　C) extreme stress 　　D) anti-consumerism 70. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the US as a result of ________. 　　A) the quick pace of modern life 　　B) man's adventurous spirit 　　C) man's search for mythical experiences 　　D) the economic situation

英译汉 Reading comprehension (35 minutes) Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Just five one-hundredths of an inch thick, light golden in color and with a perfect “saddle curl,” the Lay’s potato chip seems an unlikely weapon for global domination. But its maker. Frito-Lay. Thinks otherwise. “Potato chips are a snack food for the world,” said Salman Amin, the company’s head of global marketing. Amin believes there is no corner of the world that can resist the charms of a Frito-Lay potato chip. Frito-Lay is the biggest snack maker in America, owned by PepsiCo. And accounts for over half of the parent company’s $3 billion annual profits. But the U.S. snack food market is largely saturated, and to grow, the company has to look overseas. Its strategy rests on two beliefs: first a global product offers economies of scale with which local brands cannot compete. And second, consumers in the 21st century are drawn to “global” as a concept. “Global” does not mean products that are consciously identified as American, but ones than consumes-especially young people-see as part of a modem, innovative (创新的) world in which people are linked across cultures by shared beliefs and tastes. Potato chips are an American invention, but most Chinese, for instance, do not know than Frito-Lay is an American company. Instead, Riskey, the company’s research and development head, would hope they associate the brand with the new world of global communications and business. With brand perception a crucial factor, Riskey ordered a redesign of the Frito-Lay logo (标识). The logo, along with the company’s long-held marketing image of the “irresistibility” of its chips, would help facilitate the company’s global expansion. The executives acknowledge that they try to swing national eating habits to a food created in America, but they deny that amounts to economic imperialism. Rater, they see Frito-Lay as spreading the benefits of free enterprise across the world. “We’re making products in those countries, we’re adapting them to the tastes of those countries, building businesses and employing people and changing lives,” said Steve Reinemund, PepsiCo’s chief executive. 21. It is the belief of Frito-Lay’s head of global marking that ________. A) potato chips can hardly be used as a weapon to dominate the world market B) their company must find new ways to promote domestic sales C) the light golden color enhances the charm of their company’s potato chips D) people the world over enjoy eating their company’s potato chips（D） 22. What do we learn about Frito-Lay from Paragraph 2? A) Its products use to be popular among overseas consumers. B) Its expansion has caused fierce competition in the snack marker. C) It gives half of its annual profits to its parent company. D) It needs to turn to the word market for development.（D） 23. One of the assumptions on which Frito-Lay bases its development strategy is that ________. A) consumers worldwide today are attracted by global brands B) local brands cannot compete successfully with American brands C) products suiting Chinese consumers’ needs bring more profits D) products identified as American will have promising market value（A） 24. Why did Riskey have the Frito-Lay logo redesigned? A) To suit changing tastes of young consumers. B) To promote the company’s strategy of globalization. C) To change the company’s long-held marketing image. D) To compete with other American chip producers.（B） 25. Frito-Lay’s executives claim that the promoting of American food in the international market ________. A) won’t affect the eating habits of the local people B) will lead to economic imperialism C) will be in the interest of the local people D) won’t spoil the taste of their chips（C） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. In communities north of Denver, residents are pitching in to help teachers and administrators as the Vrain school District tries to solve a $13.8 million budget shortage blamed on mismanagement. “We’re worried about our teachers and principals, and we really don’t want to lose them because of this,” one parent sail. “If we can help ease their financial burden, we will. “ Teachers are grateful, but know it may be years before the district is solvent (有综合能力的). They feel really good about the parent support, but they realize it’s impossible for then to solve this problem. The 22,000-student district discovered the shortage last month. “It’s extraordinary. Nobody would have imagined something happening like this at this level,” said State Treasurer Mike Coffman. Coffman and district officials last week agreed on a state emergency plan freeing yp a $9.8 million loan that enabled the payroll (工资单) to be met for 2,700 teachers and staff in time for the holidays. District officials also took $1.7 million from student-activity accounts its 38 schools. At Coffman’s request, the District Attorney has begun investigating the district’s finances. Coffman says he wants to know whether district officials hid the budget shortage until after the November election, when voters approved a $212 million bond issue for schools. In Frederick, students’ parents are buying classroom supplies and offering to pay for groceries and utilities to keep first-year teachers and principals in their jobs. Some $36,000 has been raised in donations from Safeway. A Chevrolet dealership donated $10,000 and forgave the district’s $10,750 bill for renting the driver educating cars. IBM contributed 4,500 packs of paper. “We employ thousands of people in this community,” said Mitch Carson, a hospital chief executive, who helped raise funds. “We have children in the school, and we see how they could be affected.” At Creek High School, three students started a website that displays newspaper articles, district information and an email forum (论坛)。 “Rumors about what’s happening to the district are moving at lighting speed,” said a student. “We wanted to know the truth, and spread that around instead.” 26. What has happened to the Vrain School District? A) A huge financial problem has arisen. B) Many schools there are mismanaged. C) Lots of teachers in the district are planning to quit. D) Many administrative personnel have been laid off.（A） 27. How did the residents in the Vrain School District respond to the budget shortage? A) They felt somewhat helpless about it. B) They accused those responsible for it. C) They pooled their efforts to help solve it. D) They demanded a through investigation.（C） 28. In the view of State Treasurer Mike Coffman, the educational budget shortage is ________. A) unavoidable B) unthinkable C) insolvable D) irreversible（B） 29. Why did Coffman request an investigation? A) To see if there was a deliberate cover-up of the problem. B) To find out the extent of the consequences of the case. C) To make sure that the school principals were innocent. D) To stop the voters approving the $212 million bong issue.（A） 30. Three high school students started a website in order to ________. A) attract greater public attention to their needs B) appeal to the public for contributions and donations C) expose officials who neglected their duties D) keep people properly informed of the crisis（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. “Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise.” Said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While here’s on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which you’re able to rise to the occasion can be good for you. In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they stress that you can manage also boost immune (免疫的) function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects through a gory (血淋淋的) video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody that’s the body’s first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody. Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improved memory function. “They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage,” says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain. “Sustained stress is not good for you,” says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity, “It’s the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.” 31. The passage is mainly about ________. A) the benefits of manageable stress B) stay away from C) run out of D) put up with（D） 32. The word “shun” (Line 1, Para. 1) most probably means ________. A) cut down on B) stay away from C) run out of D) put up with（B） 33. We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that ________. A) people under stress tend to have a poor memory B) people who can’t get their job done experience more stress C) doing challenging work may be good for one’s health D) stress will weaken the body’s defense against germs（C） 34. In the experiment described in Paragraph 3, the video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody because ________. A) the video was not enjoyable at all B) the outcome was beyond their control C) they knew little about surgical procedures D) they felt no pressure while watching the video（B） 35. Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that ________. A) a person’s memory is determined by the level of hormones in his body B) stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brain C) short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory function D) a person’s memory improves with continued experience of stress（C） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. If you want to teach your children how to say sorry, you must be good at saying it yourself, especially to your own children. But how you say it can be quite tricky. If you say to your children “I’m sorry I got angry with you, but ...” what follows that “but” can render the apology ineffective: “I had a bad day” or “your noise was giving me a headache” leaves the person who has been injured feeling that he should be apologizing for his bad behavior in expecting an apology. Another method by which people appear to apologize without actually doing so is to say “I’m sorry you’re upset”; this suggests that you are somehow at fault for allowing yourself to get upset by what the other person has done. Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologizing should promise never to do again. Saying “I’m useless as a parent” does not commit a person to any specific improvement. These pseudo-apologies are used by people who believe saying sorry shows weakness, Parents who wish to teach their children to apologize should see it as a sign of strength, and therefore not resort to these pseudo-apologies. But even when presented with examples of genuine contrition, children still need help to become a ware of the complexities of saying sorry. A three-year-old might need help in understanding that other children feel pain just as he does, and that hitting a playmate over the head with a heavy toy requires an apology. A six-year-old might need reminding that spoiling other children’s expectations can require an apology. A 12-year-old might need to be shown that raiding the biscuit tin without asking permission is acceptable, but that borrowing a parent’s clothes without permission is not. 36. If a mother adds “but” to an apology, ________. A) she doesn’t feel that she should have apologized B) she does not realize that the child has been hurt C) the child may find the apology easier to accept D) the child may feel that he owes her an apology（D） 37. According to the author, saying “I’m sorry you’re upset” most probably means “________”. A) You have good reason to get upset B) I’m aware you’re upset, but I’m not to blame C) I apologize for hurting your feelings D) I’m at fault for making you upset（B） 38. It is not advisable to use the general, all-covering apology because ________. A) it gets one into the habit of making empty promises B) it may make the other person feel guilty C) it is vague and ineffective D) it is hurtful and insulting（C） 39. We learn from the last paragraph that in teaching children to say sorry ________. A) the complexities involved should be ignored B) their ages should be taken into account C) parents need to set them a good example D) parents should be patient and tolerant（B） 40. It can be inferred from the passage that apologizing properly is ________. A) a social issue calling for immediate attention B) not necessary among family members C) a sign of social progress D) not as simple as it seems（D）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. What are the specific traits that assist executives to climb the ladder of success? Opinions vary widely. Given approximately equal qualifications and circumstances, some claim the success factor is largely a matter of luck—being in the right place at the right time. Others speak of an almost crazy devotion to work, combined with a degree of ruthlessness. One "expert" maintains that it's undoubtedly a matter of how much education your mother had. To make it big, executives must possess four basic skills: First, strive. Business success takes an unusual amount of energy. A successful executive—almost by definition—is a striver. He will get tense when he is not striving. Second, people sense. Some say being able to judge people is more important than a high IQ. The skill can be instinctual (本能的), but in most cases it is painstakingly learned. Third, communication ability. Different executives make themselves understood in different ways. Some transmit ideas best face to face; others are masters of the telephone call; still others are persuasive writers. One way or another, they all communicate clearly. Fourth, calm under pressure. No businessman will get very far if he chokes up. 1.Some people claim that besides hard work, the success also requires （ ）. A、equal qualifications B、equal circumstances C、much education D、a degree of cruelty 2.According to the passage, a high IQ is （ ）. A、instinctual B、painstakingly learnt C、inborn D、more trivial than people sense 3.The successful executives must （ ）. A、transmit ideas face to face B、depend on telephones C、be persuasive writers D、express themselves distinctly 4.Which of the following is TRUE?（ ） A、Every businessman possesses these four skills. B、When a striver stops his devotion to work, he will feel quite at ease. C、These basic skills are not instinctual in most cases. D、Mother's education has undoubted effect on her child's success. 5.What's the main idea of the passage?（ ） A、Four skills for successful executives. B、Some opinions about the success. C、Specific traits for successful executives. D、Qualifications and circumstances for climbing the ladder.

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. I’m usually fairly skeptical about any research that concludes that people are either happier or unhappier or more or less certain of themselves than they were 50 years ago. While any of these statements might be true, they are practically impossible to prove scientifically. Still, I was struck by a report which concluded that today’s children are significantly more anxious than children in the 1950s. In fact, the analysis showed, normal children ages 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago. Why are America’s kids so stressed? The report cites two main causes: increasing physical isolation—brought on by high divorce rates and less involvement in community, among other things—and a growing perception that the world is a more dangerous place. Given that we can’t turn the clock back, adults can still do plenty to help the next generation cope. At the top of the list is nurturing (培育) a better appreciation of the limits of individualism. No child is an island. Strengthening social ties helps build communities and protect individuals against stress. To help kids build stronger connections with others, you can pull the plug on TVs and computers. Your family will thank you later. They will have more time for face-to-face relationships, and they will get more sleep. Limit the amount of virtual (虚拟的) violence your children are exposed to. It’s not just video games and movies; children see a lot of murder and crime on the local news. Keep your expectations for your children reasonable. Many highly successful people never attended Harvard or Yale. Make exercise part of your daily routine. It will help you cope with your own anxieties and provide a good model for your kids. Sometimes anxiety is unavoidable. But it doesn’t have to ruin your life. 21. The author thinks that the conclusions of any research about people’s state of mind are ________. A) surprising B) confusing C) illogical D) questionable（D） 22. What does the author mean when he says, “we can’t turn the clock back” (Line 1, Para. 3)? A) It’s impossible to slow down the pace of change. B) The social reality children are facing cannot be changed. C) Lessons learned from the past should not be forgotten. D) It’s impossible to forget the past.（B） 23. According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago ________. A) were less isolated physically B) were probably less self-centered C) probably suffered less from anxiety D) were considered less individualistic（C） 24. The first and most important thing parents should do to help their children is ________. A) to provide them with a safer environment B) to lower their expectations for them C) to get them more involved socially D) to set a good model for them to follow（C） 25. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage? A) Anxiety, though unavoidable, can be coped with. B) Children’s anxiety has been enormously exaggerated. C) Children’s anxiety can be eliminated with more parental care. D) Anxiety, if properly controlled, may help children become mature.（C） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints (约束) influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain: your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don’t at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth’s story: I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle (小隔间) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles, several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way. It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but “nice” isn’t a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you’ll probably have to ask for it. Performance is your best bargaining chip (筹码) when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want. Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will someone else pay for your services? Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction. 26. According to the passage, before taking a job, a person should ________. A) demonstrate his capability B) give his boss a good impression C) ask for as much money as he can D) ask for the salary he hopes to get（D） 27. What can be inferred from Beth’s story? A) Prejudice against women still exists in some organizations. B) If people want what they deserve, they have to ask for it. C) People should not be content with what they have got. D) People should be careful when negotiating for a job.（B） 28. We can learn from the passage that ________. A) unfairness exists in salary increases B) most people are overworked and underpaid C) one should avoid overstating one’s performance D) most organizations give their staff automatic pay raises（A） 29. To get a pay raise, a person should ________. A) advertise himself on the job market B) persuade his boss to sign a long-term contract C) try to get inside information about the organization D) do something to impress his boss just before merit pay decisions（D） 30. To be successful in negotiations, one must ________. A) meet his boss at the appropriate time B) arrive at the negotiation table punctually C) be good at influencing the outcome of the interaction D) be familiar with what the boss likes and dislikes（C） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. When families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma’s generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best. But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware (粗陶)-and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times. Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs—one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery (陶瓷) region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier. Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company “has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend” toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television; Even dinner parties, if they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it’s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a “real” dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time? Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette (礼节) that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents (“Chew with your mouth closed.” “Keep your elbows off the table.”) must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially. 31. The trend toward casual dining has resulted in ________. A) bankruptcy of fine china manufacturers B) shrinking of the pottery industry C) restructuring of large enterprises D) economic recession in Great Britain（B） 32. Which of the following may be the best reason for casual dining? A) Family members need more time to relax. B) Busy schedules leave people no time for formality. C) People want to practice economy in times of scarcity. D) Young people won’t follow the etiquette of the older generation.（B） 33. It can be learned from the passage that Royal Doulton is ________. A) a retailer of stainless steel tableware B) a dealer in stoneware C) a pottery chain store D) a producer of fine china（D） 34. The main cause of the layoffs in the pottery industry is ________. A) the increased value of the pound B) the economic recession in Asia C) the change in people’s way of life D) the fierce competition at home and abroad（C） 35. Refined table manners, though less popular than before in current social life ________. A) are still a must on certain occasions B) axe bound to return sooner or later C) are still being taught by parents at home D) can help improve personal relationships（A） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects. Located on the shore of Sullivan’s Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane (飓风) Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state. Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina’s shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn’t strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo’s wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan’s Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour. At first sight, the house on Sullivan’s Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble “a large party lantern (灯笼)” at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house’s wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength. To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings—long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. “These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings,” said Huff. Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house’s ground-to-roof shell. “The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn’t look like it’s standing with its pant legs pulled up,” said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained. 36. After the tragedy caused by Hurricane Hugo, new houses built along South Carolina’s shore line are required ________. A) to be easily reinforced B) to look smarter in design C) to meet stricter building standards D) to be designed in the shape of cubes（C） 37. The award-winning beach house is quite strong because ________. A) it is strengthened by steel rods B) it is made of redwood C) it is in the shape of a shell D) it is built with timber and concrete（A） 38. Huff raised the house 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings in order to ________. A) withstand peak winds of about 200 km/hr B) anchor stronger pilings deep in the sand C) break huge sea waves into smaller ones D) prevent water from rushing into the house（D） 39. The main function of the shell is ________. A) to strengthen the pilings of the house B) to give the house a better appearance C) to protect the wooden frame of the house D) to slow down the speed of the swelling water（B） 40. It can be inferred from the passage that the shell should be ________. A) fancy-looking B) waterproof C) easily breakable D) extremely strong（C）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Aging is the process of growing old. It occurs eventually in every living thing provided, of course, that all illness or accidents do not kill it prematurely. The most familiar outward signs of aging may be seen in old people, such as the graying of the hair and the wrinkling of the skin. Signs of aging in a pet dog or cat include loss of playfulness and energy, a decline in hearing and eyesight, or even a slight graying of the coat. Plants age too, but the signs are much harder to detect. Most body parts grow bigger and stronger, and function more efficiently during childhood. They reach their peak at the time of maturing or early adulthood. After that, they begin to decline. Bones, for example, gradually, become lighter and more brittle. In the aged, the joints between the bones also become rigid and more inflexible. This can make moving very painful. All the major organs of the body show signs of aging. The brain, for example, works less efficiently and even gets smaller in size. Thinking processes of all sorts are slowed down. Old people often have trouble in remembering recent events. One of the most serious changes of old age occurs in the arteries, the blood vessels that lead from the heart. They become thickened and constricted (收缩的), allowing less blood to flow to the rest of the body. This condition accounts, directly or indirectly for many of the diseases of the aged. It may, for example, result in heart attack. Aging is not a uniform process. Different parts of the body wear out at different rates. There are great differences among people in their rate of aging. Even the cells of the body differ in the way they age. The majority of cells are capable of reproducing themselves many times during the course of a lifetime. Nerve cells and muscle fibers can never be replaced once they wear out. Gerontologists—scientists who study the process of aging—believe the wearing out of the body is controlled by a built-in biological time-clock. They are trying to discover how this clock works so that they can slow down the process. This could give man a longer life and a great number of productive years. 1.What is the main idea of the first paragraph?（ ） A、Signs of aging are easier to detect in animals than in plants. B、Aging occurs in every living thing after it has reached maturity. C、The outward signs of aging may be seen in old people. D、Not all signs of aging are visible. 2.The expression “the arteries” (Line 1, Para. 4) means （ ）. A、the paths along which blood flows to all parts of the body B、the tubes carrying blood back to the heart C、vessels that are thickened and constricted D、such heart diseases as suffered by old people 3.The expression “Aging is not a uniform process” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that （ ）. A、old people do not have the same outward signs of aging B、not all people age at the same rate C、the process of aging is slow but steady D、nerve cells and muscles fibers do not age simultaneously 4.Which of the statements about aging is false?（ ） A、People vary in their rate of aging. B、The cells of the body age in different ways. C、The various parts of the body do not wear out at the same rate. D、All body cells once worn out they can never be replaced. 5.Which piece of information is given in the passage?（ ） A、Gerontologists can give man a longer life. B、Gerontologists can prevent diseases connected with aging. C、Gerontologists have discovered that aging is controlled by a built-in biological time-clock. D、Gerontologists have known how the time-clock works.

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Throughout the nation’s more than 15,000 school districts, widely differing approaches to teaching science and math have emerged. Though there can be strength in diversity, a new international analysis suggests that this variability has instead contributed to lackluster (平淡的) achievement scores by U.S. children relative to their peers in other developed countries. Indeed, concludes William H. Schmidt of Michigan State University, who led the new analysis, “no single intellectually coherent vision dominates U.S. educational practice in math or science.” The reason, he said, “is because the system is deeply and fundamentally flawed.” The new analysis, released this week by the National Science Foundation in Arlington, Va., is based on data collected from about 50 nations as part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. Not only do approaches to teaching science and math vary among individual U.S. communities, the report finds, but there appears to be little strategic focus within a school district’s curricula, its textbooks, or its teachers’ activities. This contrasts sharply with the coordinated national programs of most other countries. On average, U.S. students study more topics within science and math than their international counterparts do. This creates an educational environment that “is a mile wide and an inch deep,” Schmidt notes. For instance, eighth graders in the United States cover about 33 topics in math versus just 19 in Japan. Among science courses, the international gap is even wider. U.S. curricula for this age level resemble those of a small group of countries including Australia, Thailand, Iceland, and Bulgaria. Schmidt asks whether the United States wants to be classed with these nations, whose educational systems “share our pattern of splintered (支离破碎的) visions” but which are not economic leaders. The new report “couldn’t come at a better time,” says Gerald Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association in Arlington. “The new National Science Education Standards provide that focused vision,” including the call “to do less, but in greater depth.” Implementing the new science standards and their math counterparts will be the challenge, he and Schmidt agree, because the decentralized responsibility for education in the United States requires that any reforms be tailored and instituted one community at a time. In fact, Schmidt argues, reforms such as these proposed national standards “face an almost impossible task, because even though they are intellectually coherent, each becomes only one more voice in the babble (嘈杂声).” 21. According to the passage, the teaching of science and math in America is ________. A) losing its vitality gradually B) characterized by its diversity C) going downhill in recent years D) focused on tapping students’ potential（B） 22. The fundamental flaw of American school education is that ________. A) it attaches too much importance to intensive study of school subjects B) it relies heavily on the initiative of individual teachers C) it sets a very low academic standard for students D) it lacks a coordinated national program（D） 23. By saying that the U.S. educational environment is “a mile wide and an inch deep” (Line 2, Para. 5), the author means U.S. educational practice ________. A) scratches the surface of a wide range of topics B) lays stress on quality at the expense of quantity C) encourages learning both in depth and in scope D) offers an environment for comprehensive education（A） 24. The new National Science Education Standards are good news in that they will ________. A) solve most of the problems in school teaching B) provide depth to school science education C) quickly dominate U.S. educational practice D) be able to meet the demands of the community（B） 25. Putting the new science and math standards into practice will prove difficult because ________. A) many schoolteachers challenge the acceptability of these standards B) there is always controversy in educational circles C) not enough educators have realized the necessity for doing so D) school districts are responsible for making their own decisions（D） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. I had an experience some years ago which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to officiate at two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “full of years,” as the Bible would say; both yielded to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence (吊唁) calls on the two families on the same afternoon. At the first home, the son of the deceased (已故的) woman said to me, “If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. It’s my fault that she died.” At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today. That long airplane ride, the abrupt change of climate, was more than she could take. It’s my fault that she’s dead.” When things don’t turn out as we would like them to, it is very tempting to assume that had we done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending. Priests know that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out badly, they believe that the opposite course-keeping Mother at home, postponing the operation—would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse? There seem to be two elements involved in our readiness to feel guilt. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens. That leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds. The second element is the notion that we are the cause of what happens, especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believing that every disaster is our fault. The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood. Psychologists speak of the infantile myth of omnipotence (万能). A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him, and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do not completely outgrow that infantile notion that our wishes cause things to happen. 26. What is said about the two deceased elderly women? A) They lived out a natural life. B) They died due to lack of care by family members. C) They died of exhaustion after the long plane ride. D) They weren’t accustomed to the change in weather.（A） 27. The author had to conduct the two women’s funerals probably because ________. A) he had great sympathy for the deceased B) he wanted to console the two families C) he was priest of the local church D) he was an official from the community（C） 28. People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because ________. A) they believe that they were responsible B) they had neglected the natural course of events C) they couldn’t find a better way to express their grief D) they didn’t know things often turn out in the opposite direction（A） 29. In the context of the passage, “... the world makes sense” (Line 2, Para, 4) probably means that ________. A) we have to be sensible in order to understand the world B) everything in the world is predetermined C) there’s an explanation for everything in the world D) the world can be interpreted in different ways（C） 30. People have been made to believe since infancy that ________. A) every story should have a happy ending B) their wishes are the cause of everything that happens C) life and death is an unsolved mystery D) everybody is at their command（B） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. “I’ve never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from his lab at Texas A he’s put up $3.7 million so far to fund A&M’s research. Contrary to some media reports, Missy is not dead. The owner wants a twin to carry on Missy’s fine qualities after she does die. The prototype is, by all accounts, athletic, good-natured and supersmart. Missy’s master does not expect an exact copy of her. He knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy’s owner and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clones differ from Missy.” Besides cloning a great dog, the project may contribute insight into the old question of nature vs, nurture. It could also lead to the cloning of special rescue dogs and many endangered animals. However, Westhusin is cautious about his work. He knows that even if he gets a dog pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems~ “Why would you ever want to clone humans,Westhusin asks, “when we’re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?” 31. By “stupid endeavor” (Line 2, Para. 1), Westhusin means to say that ________. A) human cloning is a foolish undertaking B) animal cloning is absolutely impractical C) human cloning should be done selectively D) animal cloning is not worth the effort at all（A） 32. What does the first paragraph tell us about Westhusin’s dog cloning project? A) Its success is already in sight. B) It is doomed to utter failure. C) It is progressing smoothly. D) Its outcome remains uncertain.（D） 33. By cloning Missy, Mark Westhusin hopes to ________. A) examine the reproductive system of the dog species B) find out the differences between Missy and its clones C) search for ways to modify.its temperament D) study the possibility of cloning humans（B） 34. We learn from the passage that animal clones are likely to have ________. A) an abnormal shape B) a bad temper C) defective organs D) immune deficiency（C） 35. It can be seen that present cloning techniques ________. A) provide insight into the question of nature vs, nurture B) have been widely used in saving endangered species C) have proved quite adequate for the cloning of humans D) still have a long way to go before reaching maturity（D） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Frustrated with delays in Sacramento, Bay Area officials said Thursday they planned to take matters into their own hands to regulate the region’s growing pile of electronic trash. A San Jose councilwoman and a San Francisco supervisor said they would propose local initiatives aimed at controlling electronic waste if the California law-making body fails to act on two bills stalled in the Assembly. They are among a growing number of California cities and counties that have expressed the same intention. Environmentalists and local governments are increasingly concerned about the toxic hazard posed by old electronic devices and the cost of safely recycling those products. An estimated 6 million televisions and computers are stocked in California homes, and an additional 6,000 to 7,000 computers become outdated every day. The machines contain high levels of lead and other hazardous substances, and are already banned from California landfills (垃圾填埋场). Legislation by Senator Byron Sher would require consumers to pay a recycling fee of up to $30 on every new machine containing a cathode (阴极) ray tube. Used in almost all video monitors and televisions, those devices contain four to eight pounds of lead each. The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs, providing grants to non-profit agencies that reuse the tubes and rewarding manufacturers that encourage recycling. A separate bill by Los Angeles-area Senator Gloria Romero would require high-tech manufacturers to develop programs to recycle so-called e-waste. If passed, the measures would put California at the forefront of national efforts to manage the refuse of the electronic age. But high-tech groups, including the Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group and the American Electronics Association, oppose the measures, arguing that fees of up to $30 will drive consumers to online, out-of-state retailers. “What really needs to occur is consumer education. Most consumers are unaware they’re not supposed to throw computers in the trash,” said Roxanne Gould, vice president of government relations for the electronics association. Computer recycling should be a local effort and part of residential waste collection programs, she added. Recycling electronic waste is a dangerous and specialized matter, and environmentalists maintain the state must support recycling efforts and ensure that the job isn’t contracted to unscrupulous (毫无顾忌的) junk dealers who send the toxic parts overseas. “The graveyard of the high-tech revolution is ending up in rural China,” said Ted Smith, director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. His group is pushing for an amendment to Sher’s bill that would prevent the export of e-waste. 36. What step were Bay Area officials going to take regarding e-waste disposal? A) Rally support to pass the stalled bills. B) Lobby the lawmakers of the California Assembly. C) Lay down relevant local regulations themselves. D) Exert pressure on manufacturers of electronic devices.（C） 37. The two bills stalled in the California Assembly both concern ________. A) the reprocessing of the huge amounts of electronic waste in the state B) regulations on dumping hazardous substances into landfills C) the funding of local initiatives to reuse electronic trash D) the sale of used electronic devices to foreign countries（A） 38. Consumers are not supposed to throw used computers in the trash because ________. A) this is banned by the California government B) some parts may be recycled for use elsewhere C) unscrupulous dealers will retrieve them for profit D) they contain large amounts of harmful substances（D） 39. High-tech groups believe that if an extra $30 is charged on every TV or computer purchased in California, consumers will ________. A) hesitate to upgrade their computers B) abandon online shopping C) buy them from other states D) strongly protest against such a charge（C） 40. We learn from the passage that much of California’s electronic waste has been ________. A) dumped into local landfills B) exported to foreign countries C) collected by non-profit agencies D) recycled by computer manufacturers（B）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. There were several reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain rather than in France and the other great powers of the day. In the first place, Britain had the money necessary to finance the larger enterprises. England's supremacy on the seas had encouraged commerce, and Englishmen had been amassing wealth through their commerce and industry. The newly rich class in that country were not the aristocratic group, but merchants and businessmen who were willing to devote themselves to industry and scientific agriculture. The wealth of France, on the other hand, was largely in the hands of the nobility, and they were not willing to do the necessary work to develop industry. In the second place, Great Britain had undertaken very early the manufacturing of inexpensive and more practical products for which there would be ever-growing demand from the people, especially the new middle class. On the other hand, France produced articles for the luxury class. These could never be turned out in quantities because they demanded individuality. England was the producer of goods that were produced in quantities, and if she could find a cheaper means of producing them, her markets would grow. So she was ready for methods that would make it possible to manufacture in large quantities. In the third place, for a long time England had large numbers of semiskilled workers. When the feudal system broke down in England and the manors were turned to sheep raising, numbers of Englishmen went to the towns. There they engaged in weaving, making shoes, woodcarving and many other occupations that developed skills. When the Industrial Revolution began, these men were available for the work on the new machines. Moreover they were free men who could move from place to place as the need for workers arose. This had not been the case in France, which was still chiefly an agricultural country with peasants bound to their masters in many ways so that they could not easily move to the cities. In the fourth place, coal was abundant in Great Britain, and a large amount of this cheap fuel was necessary for running the factories. There was coal in northern France, too, but France was late in tapping such resources because really everyone depended directly or indirectly on farming for his living. 1.Britain had the money necessary to develop industry because （ ）. A、Britain was much wealthier than France at that time B、British government encouraged the development of industry C、The merchants and businessmen were willing to finance the industry D、The aristocratic group was willing to develop the industry 2.According to the passage, French people attached importance to （ ）. A、the quantities of the articles B、the individuality of the articles C、the practicality of the articles D、the price of the articles 3.Which of the following statements is TRUE? （ ） A、The wealth of France was largely in the hands of the new middle class. B、French people were bound to the new machines. C、France was more likely to produce goods in qualities. D、France could not get free workers necessary to the industry. 4.When the Industrial Revolution began, Englishmen （ ）. A、were busy amassing wealth through commerce and industry B、had found a cheaper means of producing goods needed in qualities C、depended on farming for their living D、could move from place to place as the need for workers arose 5.What can be inferred from the passage? （ ） A、The demand for luxury goods was limited. B、Industrial Revolution was the result of the interaction of various factors. C、French people farmed to develop industry and commerce. D、Coal was very important to people's life.

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Among the popular books being written today are those that are usually classified as science fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. Furthermore, some of the best successful films in recent years have been based on science fiction stories. It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society, a theme which is still often in modern stories. Most of the classics of science fiction, however, have been written within the 19th century. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H. G. Wells, to mention just two well-known authors, have been translated into many languages. Modern science fiction writers don’t write about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical development in society and the human mind, or in imaging future world which is a reflection of the world which we live in now. Because of this, their writing has obvious political undertones. In an age when science fact frequently overtakes science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology and come to terms with a continually changing view of the world. 1.What is the similarity between early and modern science fiction? （ ） A、They present some form of ideal society. B、They predict the results of technical development in society. C、They have obvious political undertones. D、They provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with social problems. 2.Most of the classics of science fiction were written （ ）. A、hundreds of years ago B、decades of years ago C、more than a hundred years ago D、by Jules Verne and H. G. Wells 3.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? （ ） A、Science fiction is fairly new in literature. B、Some early fiction stories were often concerned with men from Mars or space adventure stories. C、Modern science fiction stories are about society and human mind. D、Hundreds of science fiction stories are published every year. 4.In our present world, （ ）. A、science fiction writers can always foresee what wonders science can do B、only science fiction writers can see the way science is going C、science develops faster than writers can imagine D、science develops as the result of the prediction made by science fiction writers 5.Which of the following is NOT true? （ ） A、Sensible science fiction writers may tell us what to do in future. B、We are bound to have problems as we try to make progress in science. C、Our views of the world are subject to change. D、No one knows anything about what to do with the problems we are to face.

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media. Movies, Television and video games are full of gunplay and bloodshed, and one might reasonably ask what’s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment. Most researchers agree that the causes of real-world violence are complex. A 1993 study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences listed “biological, individual, family, peer, school, and community factors” as all playing their parts. Viewing abnormally large amounts of violent television and video games may well contribute to violent behavior in certain individuals. The trouble comes when researchers downplay uncertainties in their studies or overstate the case for causality (因果关系). Skeptics were dismayed several years ago when a group of societies including the American Medical Association tried to end the debate by issuing a joint statement: “At this time, well over 1,000 studies... point overwhelmingly to a causal connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in some children.” Freedom-of-speech advocates accused the societies of catering to politicians, and even disputed the number of studies (most were review articles and essays, they said). When Jonathan Freedman, a social psychologist at the University of Toronto, reviewed the literature, he found only 200 or so studies of television-watching and aggression. And when he weeded out “the most doubtful measures of aggression”, only 28/% supported a connection. The critical point here is causality. The alarmists say they have proved that violent media cause aggression. But the assumptions behind their observations need to be examined. When labeling games as violent or non-violent, should a hero eating a ghost really be counted as a violent event? And when experimenters record the time it takes game players to read ‘aggressive’ or ‘non-aggressive’ words from a list, can we be sure what they are actually measuring? The intent of the new Harvard Center on Media and Child Health to collect and standardize studies of media violence in order to compare their methodologies, assumptions and conclusions is an important step in the right direction. Another appropriate step would be to tone down the criticism until we know more. Several researchers write, speak and testify quite a lot on the threat posed by violence in the media. That is, of course, their privilege. But when doing so, they often come out with statements that the matter has now been settled, drawing criticism from colleagues. In response, the alarmists accuse critics and news reporters of being deceived by the entertainment industry. Such clashes help neither science nor society. 21. Why is there so much violence shown in movies, TV and video games? A) There is a lot of violence in the real world today. B) Something has gone wrong with today’s society. C) Many people are fond of gunplay and bloodshed. D) Showing violence is thought to be entertaining.（D） 22. What is the skeptics (Line 3. Para. 3) view of media violence? A) Violence on television is a fairly accurate reflection of real-world life. B) Most studies exaggerate the effect of media violence on the viewers. C) A causal relationship exists between media and real-world violence. D) The influence of media violence on children has been underestimated.（B） 23. The author uses the term “alarmists” (Line 1. Para. 5) to refer to those who ________. A) use standardized measurements in the studies of media violence B) initiated the debate over the influence of violent media on reality C) assert a direct link between violent media and aggressive behavior D) use appropriate methodology in examining aggressive behavior（C） 24. In refuting the alarmists, the author advances his argument by first challenging ________. A) the source and amount of their data B) the targets of their observation C) their system of measurement D) their definition of violence（D） 25. What does the author think of the debate concerning the relationship between the media and violence? A) More studies should be conducted before conclusions are drawn. B) It should come to an end since the matter has now been settled. C) The past studies in this field have proved to be misleading. D) He more than agrees with the views held by the alarmists.（A） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. You’re in trouble if you have to buy your own brand-name prescription drugs. Over the past decade, prices leaped by more than double the inflation rate. Treatments for chronic conditions can easily top $2,000 a month-no wonder that one in four Americans can’s afford to fill their prescriptions. The solution? A hearty chorus of “O Canada.” North of the border, where price controls reign, those same brand-name drugs cost 50/% to 80/% less. The Canadian option is fast becoming a political wake-up call, “If our neighbors can buy drugs at reasonable prices, why can’t we? Even to whisper that thought provokes anger. “Un-American!” And-the propagandists’ trump card (王牌)—“Wreck our brilliant health-care system.” Supersize drug prices, they claim, fund the research that sparks the next generation of wonder drugs. No sky-high drug price today, no cure for cancer tomorrow. So shut up and pay up. Common sense tells you that’s a false alternative. The reward for finding, say, a cancer cure is so huge that no one’s going to hang it up. Nevertheless, if Canada-level pricing came to the United States, the industry’s profit margins would drop and the pace of new-drug development would slow. Here lies the American dilemma. Who is all this splendid medicine for? Should our health-care system continue its drive toward the best of the best, even though rising numbers of patients can’t afford it? Or should we direct our wealth toward letting everyone in on today’s level of care? Measured by saved lives, the latter is almost certainly the better course. To defend their profits, the drug companies have warned Canadian wholesalers and pharmacies (药房) not to sell to Americans by mail, and are cutting back supplies to those who dare. Meanwhile, the administration is playing the fear card. Officials from the Food and Drug Administration will argue that Canadian drugs might be fake, mishandled, or even a potential threat to life. Do bad drugs fly around the Internet? Sure-and the more we look, the more we’ll find, But I haven’t heard of any raging epidemics among the hundreds of thousands of people buying crossborder. Most users of prescription drugs don’t worry about costs a lot. They’re sheltered by employee insurance, owing just a $20 co-pay. The financial blows rain, instead, on the uninsured, especially the chronically ill who need expensive drugs to live, This group will still include middle-income seniors on Medicare, who’ll have to dig deeply into their pockets before getting much from the new drug benefit that starts in 2006. 26. What is said about the consequence of the rocketing drug prices in the U.S.? A) A quarter of Americans can’t afford their prescription drugs. B) Many Americans can’t afford to see a doctor when they fall ill. C) Many Americans have to go to Canada to get medical treatment. D) The inflation rate has been more than doubled over the years.（A） 27. It can be inferred that America can follow the Canadian model and curb its soaring drug prices by ________. A) encouraging people to buy prescription drugs online B) extending medical insurance to all its citizens C) importing low-price prescription drugs from Canada D) exercising price control on brand-name drugs（D） 28. How do propagandists argue for the U.S. drug pricing policy? A) Low prices will affect the quality of medicines in America. B) High prices are essential to funding research on new drugs. C) Low prices will bring about the anger of drug manufacturers. D) High-price drugs are indispensable in curing chronic diseases.（B） 29. What should be the priority of America’s health-care system according to the author? A) To resolve the dilemma in the health-care system. B) To maintain America’s lead in the drug industry. C) To allow the vast majority to enjoy its benefits. D) To quicken the pace of new drug development.（C） 30. What are American drug companies doing to protect their high profits? A) Labeling drugs bought from Canada as being fakes. B) Threatening to cut back funding for new drug research. C) Reducing supplies to uncooperative Canadian pharmacies. D) Attributing the raging epidemics to the ineffectiveness of Canadian drugs.（C） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Age has its privileges in America. And one of the more prominent of them is the senior citizen discount. Anyone who has reached a certain age—in some cases as low as 55—is automatically entitled to a dazzling array of price reductions at nearly every level of commercial life. Eligibility is determined not by one’s need but by the date on one’s birth certificate. Practically unheard of a generation ago, the discounts have become a routine part of many businesses—as common as color televisions in motel rooms and free coffee on airliners. People with gray hair often are given the discounts without even asking for them；yet, millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent (有支付能力的). Businesses that would never dare offer discounts to college students or anyone under 30 freely offer them to older Americans. The practice is acceptable because of the widespread belief that “elderly” and “needy” are synonymous (同义的). Perhaps that once was true, but today elderly Americans as a group have a lower poverty rate than the rest of the population. To be sure, there is economic diversity within the elderly, and many older Americans are poor, But most of them aren’t. It is impossible to determine the impact of the discounts on individual companies. For many firms, they are a stimulus to revenue. But in other cases the discounts are given at the expense, directly or indirectly, of younger Americans. Moreover, they are a direct irritant in what some politicians and scholars see as a coming conflict between the generations. Generational tensions are being fueled by continuing debate over Social Security benefits, which mostly involves a transfer of resources from the young to the old. Employment is another sore point, Buoyed (支持) by laws and court decisions, more and more older Americans are declining the retirement dinner in favor of staying on the job-thereby lessening employment and promotion opportunities for younger workers. Far from a kind of charity they once were, senior citizen discounts have become a formidable economic privilege to a group with millions of members who don’t need them. It no longer makes sense to treat the elderly as a single group whose economic needs deserve priority over those of others. Senior citizen discounts only enhance the myth that older people can’t take care of themselves and need special treatment； and they threaten the creation of a new myth, that the elderly are ungrateful and taking for themselves at the expense of children and other age groups. Senior citizen discounts are the essence of the very thing older Americans are fighting against-discrimination by age. 31. We learn from the first paragraph that ________. A) offering senior citizens discounts has become routine commercial practice B) senior citizen discounts have enabled many old people to live a decent life C) giving senior citizens discounts has boosted the market for the elderly D) senior citizens have to show their birth certificates to get a discount（A） 32. What assumption lies behind the practice of senior citizen discounts? A) Businesses, having made a lot of profits, should do something for society in return. B) Old people are entitled to special treatment for the contribution they made to society. C) The elderly, being financially underprivileged, need humane help from society. D) Senior citizen discounts can make up for the inadequacy of the Social Security system.（C） 33. According to some politicians and scholars, senior citizen discounts will ________. A) make old people even more dependent on society B) intensify conflicts between the young and the old C) have adverse financial impact on business companies D) bring a marked increase in the companies revenues（B） 34. How does the author view the Social Security system? A) It encourages elderly people to retire in time. B) It opens up broad career prospects for young people. C) It benefits the old at the expense of the young. D) It should be reinforced by laws and court decisions.（C） 35. Which of the following best summarizes the author’s main argument? A) Senior citizens should fight hard against age discrimination. B) The elderly are selfish and taking senior discounts for granted. C) Priority should be given to the economic needs of senior citizens. D) Senior citizen discounts may well be a type of age discrimination.（D） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for $500. For his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual.” But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century. The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structural racism” the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference. Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens? This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy. The First Reconstruction (1865-1877) ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights, but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. The promise of “40 acres and a mule (骡子)”was for most blacks a dream deferred (尚未实现的). The Second Reconstruction (1954-1968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights. But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’ lives. The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor. Many white institutions, including some leading universities, insurance companies and banks, profited from slavery. This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today. Demanding reparations (赔偿) is not just about compensation for slavery and segregation. It is, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits” of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. Structural racism’s barriers include “equity inequity.” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s history. One third of all black households actually have negative net wealth. In 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was $16,400, less than one fifth that of white families. Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites. Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions. During the 1990-91 recession, African-Americans suffered disproportionately. At Coca-Cola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. At Sears, 54 percent were black, Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or early-stage cancer surgery. 36. To the author, the auction of his great-grandfather is a typical example of ________. A) crime against humanity B) unfair business transaction C) racial conflicts in Georgia D) racial segregation in America（A） 37. The barrier to democracy in 21st century America is ________. A) widespread use of racist stereotypes B) prejudice against minority groups C) deep-rooted socio-economic inequality D) denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks（C） 38. What problem remains unsolved in the two Reconstructions? A) Differences between races are deliberately obscured. B) The blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor. C) There is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights. D) The interests of blacks are not protected by law.（B） 39. It is clear that the wealth enjoyed by most whites ________. A) has resulted from business successes over the years B) has been accompanied by black capital formation C) has derived from sizable investments in education D) has been accumulated from generations of slavery（D） 40. What does the author think of the current situation regarding racial discrimination? A) Racism is not a major obstacle to blacks’ employment. B) Inequality of many kinds remains virtually untouched. C) A major step has been taken towards reparations. D) Little has been done to ensure blacks’ civil rights.（B）

英译汉I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four. I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.