英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Passage 1 Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America’s energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country’s energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels. The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10/% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues, royalties (开采权使用费) and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant. “We’ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan. Not so far, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR’s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1/% of the Golden State’s electricity output—and just 3/% of the nation’s. 21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR? A) It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves. B) It will help secure the future of ANWR. C) It will help reduce the nation’s oil imports. D) It will increase America’s energy consumption.（C） 22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry ________. A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields B) tends to exaggerate America’s reliance on foreign oil C) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR D) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia（A） 23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that ________. A) it can cause serious damage to the environment B) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems C) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region D) it will not have much commercial value（B） 24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying “Not so fast” (Line 1, Para. 3)? A) Oil exploitation takes a long time B) The oil drilling should be delayed C) Don’t be too optimistic D) Don’t expect fast returns（C） 25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR’s frozen earth ________. A) remains a controversial issue B) is expected to get under way soon C) involves a lot of technological problems D) will enable the U.S. to be oil independent（A） Passage 2 “Tear ‘em apart!” “Kill the fool!” “Murder the referee (裁判)!” These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations (含义) may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent” as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms. The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent “is “adversary “: “enemy “; “one who opposes your interests.” “Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?” In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior. Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated (提升) the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start. The dictionary meaning of the term “associate” is “colleague”; “friend”; “companion.” Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.” 26. Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view? A) Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences. B) The words people use can influence their behavior. C) Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes. D) Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.（B） 27. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players ________. A) are too eager to win B) are usually short-tempered and easily offended C) cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition D) treat their rivals as enemies（D） 28. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves? A) He refused to continue the game. B) He angrily hit the referee with a ball. C) He claimed that the referee was unfair. D) He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his T-shirt.（D） 29. According to the passage, players, in a game, may ________. A) deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way B) keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game C) lie down on the ground as an act of protest D) kick the ball across the court with force（A） 30. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by ________. A) calling on players to use clean language on the court B) raising the referee’s sense of responsibility C) changing the attitude of players on the sports field D) regulating the relationship between players and referees（C） Passage 3 Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products, according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday. Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer described itself as “earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier” The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission. “ While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy,” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder. The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average. The report focused on claims made by specific products, such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products. It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999. Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards. “Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing,” said report researcher Philip Page. “Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.” he said. The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.” said Page. 31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ________. A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving C) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claim D) few products actually prove to be environment friendly（B） 32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers ________. A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment（D） 33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to ________. A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards B) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy C) examine claims made by products against ISO standards D) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization（C） 34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products? A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems. B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false. C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer. D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need.（B） 35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to ________. A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements B) see all household products meet environmental standards C) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products D) verify the efforts of non-polluting products（A） Passage 4 Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world’s largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvania’s Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife. The streams, lakes, meadows (草地), mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats (栖息地) are endangered by highway construction. To protect the Poconos natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy (大自然保护协会) named the area one of America’s “Last Great Places”. Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancy’s bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemose, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14,000 acres of environmentally important land in the area. Altemose’s family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Francis worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program. As a result, his family’s land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson. Cook attributes the Conservancy’s success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents “The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community,” Cook said. “The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort. For more information on how you can help the Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world’s other “Last Great Places,” please call 1-888-564 6864 or visit us on the World Wide Web at www.tnc.org. 36. The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America’s “Last Great Places” is to ________. A) gain support from the local community B) protect it from irresponsible development C) make it a better home for black bears D) provide financial security for future generations（B） 37. We learn from the passage that ________. A) the population in the Pocono area is growing B) wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly C) the security of the Pocono residents is being threatened D) farmlands in the Pocono area are shrinking fast（A） 38. What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook? A) The setting up of an environmental protection website B) Support from organizations like The Nature Conservancy C) Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders D) Inclusion of farmlands in the region’s protection program（C） 39. What does Bud Cook mean by “having a local presence” (Line 1, Para. 5)? A) Financial contributions from local business leaders B) Consideration of the interests of the local residents C) The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area D) The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area（D） 40. The passage most probably is ________. A) an official document B) a news story C) an advertisement D) a research report（D）

英译汉It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. The best friend a man has in the world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those who we trust with our happiness and our good name may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has, he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of ill-will when failure settles its cloud upon our heads. The one absolutely unselfish friend that man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungratefu1 or treacherous is his dog. A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground, where the winter winds blow and the snow drives severely if only he may be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in to encounter with the rough world. He guards the sleep of his poor master as if he were a prince. When all other friends desert, he remains. When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth an outcast, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against danger, to fight against his enemies. And when the last scene of all comes, and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by the graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even in death. 1.When his master dies, the dog （ ）. A、dies too B、leaves with sadness C、cries again and again D、remains to guard his grave 2.According to this passage, （ ）. A、people are selfish while the dog is always loyal to its master B、the money that a man has flied away when he needs it for his dog C、a man may have a reputation if he has a selfish dog D、the dog kisses his master's hand in order to get some food 3.What conclusion can you arrive at from this passage?（ ） A、In this selfish world, we may develop confidence in the dog rather than in human. B、No matter how poor the man is his dog will always treat him as a prince. C、When friends leave, it is the dog that remains. D、Dogs do not care much about prosperity and poverty. 4.What's the tone of this passage?（ ） A、Critical. B、Deliberate. C、Cynical. D、Passionate. 5.The best title for this passage is （ ）. A、dog, the faithful friend of human beings B、dog, the guard of human beings C、man prefers the dog to other animals D、dog is a clever and loyal animal

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. To talk about problem-solving within a national environment means examining many complex cultural forces. It means trying to measure the impact of these forces on contemporary life, and also coming to grip with changes now taking place. For example, the concept of professional identity differs markedly between the US and Japan. In the west, the emphasis is on what a man or a woman does for a living. In Japan, the most important thing is what organization you work for. This becomes significant when you want to analyze the decision-taking or decision-making process. While we differ in many ways, such differences are neither superior nor inferior to each other. A particular pattern of management behavior develops from a complexity of unique cultural factor—and will only work in a given culture. A characteristic is based on “census opinion” and “bottom-up direction.” In Japan consideration is given to and reliance placed on the thoughts and opinions of everyone at all levels. To understand this, it is important to realize that Japan is a densely populated homogeneous (同类的) country. Moreover, the people are aware and articulate. Literacy is almost 100 percent. Problems are shared. This brings us the second part of this characteristic. The term “bottom-up” refers to a style of management—perhaps what you would call keeping your finger on the impulse of the public. The difference is that in Japan we record the impulse and it has a real meaning. It influences the direction finally taken at the top regarding a specific important issue. In other words, Western style of decision-making process comes predominantly from top management and often does not consult the middle management or the workers, while in Japan the direction can be formulated at the lowest level, travel upward through an organization, and have an impact on the final decision. 1.When we compare differences between concepts, we should take into consideration all the following EXCEPT （ ）. A、cultural force B、preference for harmony or confrontation C、cultural force on contemporary life D、changes taking place in life 2.According to the author, that ordinary Japanese employees have impact on decision-making is connected with （ ）. A、Japan’s dense and excellent population B、Japan’s emphasis on the organization one works for C、Japan’s tradition of avoiding professional identity D、Japan’s avoidance of confrontation whenever possible 3.What does the phrase “keeping your finger on the impulse of the public” (Line 2, Para. 5) mean?（ ） A、To find what is wrong with the public. B、To know the feeling of a group of people. C、To understand and take appropriate actions. D、To find out if the public approve of a decision. 4.Which of the following is a typical American practice?（ ） A、The middle management or workers are consulted when a decision is to be made. B、A person likes to have a stable job. C、A decision is made by the top management. D、Several weeks of meetings pass before a decision is made. 5.What can we infer from the passage?（ ） A、Japanese employees stay at work until the decision has been made. B、It is difficult for Japanese pattern of management to work in an American company. C、In Japan, one’s position in company defines his professional identity. D、The Americans seem to lack concern for the deadline.

英译汉 Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A) B) C) or D). Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Passage1 If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. 　　Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that's God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor." 　　If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. 　　If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. 　　Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 41. To make your humor work, you should ________. 　　A) take advantage of different kinds of audience 　　B) make fun of the disorganized people 　　C) address different problems to different people 　　D) show sympathy for your listeners 42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are ________. 　　A) impolite to new arrivals 　　B) very conscious of their godlike role 　　C) entitled to some privileges 　　D) very busy even during lunch hours 43. It can be inferred from the text that public services ________. 　　A) have benefited many people 　　B) are the focus of public attention 　　C) are an inappropriate subject for humor 　　D) have often been the laughing stock 44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered ________. 　　A) in well-worded language 　　B) as awkwardly as possible 　　C) in exaggerated statements 　　D) as casually as possible 45. The best title for the text may be ________. 　　A) Use Humor Effectively 　　B) Various Kinds of Humor 　　C) Add Humor to Speech 　　D) Different Humor Strategies passage 2 　Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics — the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. 　　As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy — far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 　　But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves — goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world." 　　Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. 　　What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented — and human perception far more complicated — than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it. 46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ________. 　　A) the use of machines to produce science fiction 　　B) the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry 　　C) the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work 　　D) the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work 47. The word "gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means ________. 　　A) programs 　　B) experts 　　C) devices 　　D) creatures 48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ________. 　　A) fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery 　　B) interact with human beings verbally 　　C) have a little common sense 　　D) respond independently to a changing world 49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ________. 　　A) make a few decisions for themselves 　　B) deal with some errors with human intervention 　　C) improve factory environments 　　D) cultivate human creativity 50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ________. 　　A) expected to copy human brain in internal structure 　　B) able to perceive abnormalities immediately 　　C) far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information 　　D) best used in a controlled environment passage 3 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? 　　The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. 　　Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. 　　Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50/% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5/% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies — to which heavy industry has shifted — have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. 　　One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70/%, and in 1979 by almost 30/%. 51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________. 　　A) global inflation 　　B) reduction in supply 　　C) fast growth in economy 　　D) Iraq's suspension of exports 52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if ________. 　　A) price of crude rises 　　B) commodity prices rise 　　C) consumption rises 　　D) oil taxes rise 53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries ________. 　　A) heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive 　　B) income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices 　　C) manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed 　　D) oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP 54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that ________. 　　A) oil-price shocks are less shocking now 　　B) inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks 　　C) energy conservation can keep down the oil prices 　　D) the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry 55. From the text we can see that the writer seems ________. 　　A) optimistic 　　B) sensitive 　　C) gloomy 　　D) scared passage 4 The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. 　　Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect, "a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects — a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen — is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. 　　Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." 　　George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." 　　On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 　　Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. 　　The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. 　　Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ________. 　　A) doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain 　　B) it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives 　　C) the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide 　　D) patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide 57. Which of the following statements is true according to the text? 　　A) Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death. 　　B) Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery. 　　C) The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed. 　　D) A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions. 58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ________. 　　A) prolonged medical procedures 　　B) inadequate treatment of pain 　　C) systematic drug abuse 　　D) insufficient hospital care 59. Which of the following best defines the word "aggressive" (line 1, paragraph 7)? 　　A) Bold. 　　B) Harmful. 　　C) Careless. 　　D) Desperate. 60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ________. 　　A) manage their patients incompetently 　　B) give patients more medicine than needed 　　C) reduce drug dosages for their patients 　　D) prolong the needless suffering of the patients

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Navigation computers, now sold by most car-makers, cost $2,000 and up. No surprise, then, that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But it is a developing technology—meaning prices should eventually drop—and the market does seem to be growing. Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point to point in most major cities with precise turn-by-turn directions—spoken by a clear human-sounding voice, and written on a screen in front of the driver. The computer works with an antenna (天线) that takes signals from no fewer than three of the 24 global positioning system (GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travel between the satellites and the antenna, the car’s location can be pinned down within 100 meters. The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and direction from a meter, determine the car’s position even as it moves. This information is combined with a map database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included. Most systems are basically identical. The differences come in hardware—the way the computer accepts the driver’s request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions. On most systems, a driver enters a desired address, motorway junction or point of interest via a touch screen or disc. But the Lexus screen goes a step further: you can point to any spot on the map screen and get directions to it. BMW’s system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹) that can be moved across the map (you have several choices of map scale) to pick a point you’d like to get to. Audi’s screen can be switched to TV reception. Even the voices that recite the directions can differ, with better systems like BMW’s and Lexus’s having a wider vocabulary. The instructions are available in French, German, Spanish, Dutch and Italian, as well as English. The driver can also choose parameters for determining the route: fastest, shortest or no freeways (高速公路), for example. 21. We learn from the passage that navigation computers ________. A) will greatly promote sales of automobiles B) may help solve potential traffic problems C) are likely to be accepted by more drivers D) will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxury（B） 22. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to his destination ________. A) by inputting the exact address B) by indicating the location of his car C) by checking his computer database D) by giving vocal orders to the computer（A） 23. Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars ________. A) are more or less the same price B) provide directions in much the same way C) work on more or less the same principles D) receive instructions from the same satellites（C） 24. The navigation computer functions ________. A) by means of a direction finder and a speed detector B) basically on satellite signals and a map database C) mainly through the reception of turn-by-turn directions D) by using a screen to display satellite signals（B） 25. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Audi are mentioned to show ________. A) the immaturity of the new technology B) the superiority of the global positioning system C) the cause of price fluctuations in car equipment D) the different ways of providing guidance to the driver（B） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. “The world’s environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.” If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog (烟雾) to global climate change, from the felling (砍伐) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad. After all, the world’s population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don’t. The reasons why they don’t, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure. That is why, today’s environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable. Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. The long term trend has been downwards. It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign (良性的) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this. 26. According to the author, most students ________. A) believe the world’s environment is in an undesirable condition B) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be C) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world’s environment D) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world’s environment（A） 27. The huge increase in world production and population ________. A) has made the world a worse place to live in B) has had a positive influence on the environment C) has not significantly affected the environment D) has made the world a dangerous place to live in（C） 28. One of the reasons why the long-term trend of prices has been downwards is that ________. A) technological innovation can promote social stability B) political instability will cause consumption to drop C) new farming and crop technology can lead to overproduction D) new sources are always becoming available（D） 29. Fish resources are diminishing because ________. A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantities B) they are not owned by any particular entity C) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing grounds D) water pollution is extremely serious（B） 30. The primary solution to environmental problems is ________. A) to allow market forces to operate properly B) to curb consumption of natural resources C) to limit the growth of the world population D) to avoid fluctuations in prices（A） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. About the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it that all children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular. Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testing has gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it. However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a lawsuit (诉讼) in California claiming that the state’s ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children by denying them the opportunity to take the test. (They believed, correctly, that IQ tests are a valid method of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, at least partially, his original decision. And so the argument goes on and on. Does it benefit or harm children from minority groups to have their intelligence tested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating, such testing. If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us very important to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some other factor is the cause. What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It is not discriminative to evaluate either a child’s physical condition or his intellectual level. Unfortunately, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us to do varies from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other than intelligence. Thirty years or so ago, for instance, white families were encouraged to adopt black children. It was considered discriminative not to do so. And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular, and social agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what are the best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed. As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child’s intellectual level, the better for the child in question. 31. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades? A) Its validity was challenged by many communities. B) It was considered discriminative against minority children. C) It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents. D) It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.（B） 32. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to ________. A) draw public attention to IQ testing B) put an end to special education C) remove the state’s ban on intelligence tests D) have their children enter white schools（C） 33. The author believes that intelligence testing ________. A) may ease racial confrontation in the United States B) can encourage black children to keep up with white children C) may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United States D) can help black parents make decisions about their children’s education（A） 34. The author’s opinion of child adoption seems to be that ________. A) no rules whatsoever can be prescribed B) white families should adopt black children C) adoption should be based on IQ test results D) cross-racial adoption is to be advocated（D） 35. Child adoption is mentioned in the passage to show that ________. A) good will may sometimes complicate racial problems B) social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of children C) intelligence testing also applies to non-academic areas D) American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issues（D） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community’s population size and its social heterogeneity (多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan (见多识广者的) outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size. 36. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph? A) Two contrasting views are presented. B) An argument is examined and possible solutions given. C) Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time. D) A detailed description of the difference between urban and small-town life is given.（A） 37. According to the passage, it was once a common belief that urban residents ________. A) did not have the same interests as their neighbors B) could not develop long-standing relationships C) tended to be associated with bad behavior D) usually had more friends（B） 38. One of the consequences of urban life is that impersonal relationships among neighbors ________. A) disrupt people’s natural relations B) make them worry about crime C) cause them not to show concern for one another D) cause them to be suspicious of each other（C） 39. It can be inferred from the passage that the bigger a community is, ________. A) the better its quality of life B) the more similar its interests C) the more tolerant and open-minded it is D) the likelier it is to display psychological symptoms of stress（C） 40. What is the passage mainly about? A) Similarities in the interpersonal relationships between urbanites and small-town dwellers. B) Advantages of living in big cities as compared with living in small towns. C) The positive role that urbanism plays in modern life. D) The strong feeling of alienation of city inhabitants.（A）

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Under normal conditions the act of communication requires the presence of at least two persons: one who sends and one who receives the communication. In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, there must be a conventional system of signs or symbols which mean the same to the sender and the receiver. The means of sending communications are too numerous and varied for systematic classification; therefore, the analysis must begin with the means of receiving communication. Reception of communication is achieved by our senses. Sight, hearing, and touch play the most important roles. Smell and taste play very limited roles, for they cannot receive intellectual expression from fully developed systems of signs and symbols. Examples of visual communication are gesture and mimicry. Although both frequently accompany speech, there are systems that rely solely on sight, such as those used by deaf and dumb persons. Another means of communicating visually is by signals of fire, smoke, flags, or flashing lights. Feelings may be simply communicated by touch such as by handshaking or backslapping, although a highly developed system of handstroking has enabled blind, deaf, and dumb persons to communicate intelligently. Whistling to someone, applauding in a theater and other forms of communication by sound rely upon the ear as a receiver. The most fully developed form of auditory communication is, of course, the spoken language. The means of communication mentioned so far have two features in common: they last only a short time, and the persons involved must be relatively close to each other. Therefore, all are restricted in time and space. 1.The author explains that he will deal with reception of communication first because （ ）. A、communication actually takes place when the message is received B、there are more means of receiving than of sending communication C、reception of communication involves use of the senses D、it is difficult to organize by type the means of sending communication 2.Applauding is specifically mentioned as an example of （ ）. A、communication by sound B、gesture and mimicry C、communication by touch D、a simple system of visual communication 3.Persons who cannot see, hear, or speak are able to communicate through a system of （ ）. A、gesturing B、handshaking C、backslapping D、handstroking 4.A form of visual communication often used with a type of auditory communication is （ ）. A、gesturing B、handshaking C、backslapping D、handstroking 5.The author specifically mentions that speech is （ ）. A、often used when communicating by touch B、necessary for satisfactory communication by gesture C、the only highly developed system of communication D、the most developed form of communication based on hearing

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Can you remember the first time you learned how to ride a bike or drive a car? Learning these skills changed your life forever and opened up new horizons. Learning about computers can be like learning how to ride a bike or drive a car. Once you have invested the time to master the skills, you will never go back to the old days. The new technology is simply too convenient and too powerful. Technological developments through the years have enabled us to do more with less effort. We have continuously looked for better ways of doing things. Each invention and new development has allowed us to extend our capabilities. Today we see one of the most dramatic technologies ever developed—the computer. It extends the capabilities of our minds. Computers have saved organizations millions of dollars. Furthermore, these same computer systems have opened up new opportunities that would have gone undiscovered or neglected. The computer can multiply what we can do, and the return on investment is high. The growth of computer usage is surprising. On the other hand, the computer can do serious damage. Invasion of privacy, fraud (欺诈), and computer-related mistakes are just a few shocking examples. The computer is like a double-edged sword. It has the ability to cut us free from some activities, but it can also cut deeply into profits, personal privacy and our society in general. How it is used is not a function of the current technology. It is strictly a function of how people decide to use or misuse this new technology. The choice is yours, and only through the knowledge of computer systems will you be able to avoid the dangers while enjoying the many, many benefits of the computer age. 1.The writer thinks learning about computers is like learning how to ride a bike or drive a car because （ ）. A、it is simple and practical B、it needs a lot of practice C、it leads people to new life experiences D、it takes much time to master the skills 2.The word “extend” (Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to （ ）. A、change B、multiply C、save D、master 3.According to the passage, computers bring people the following benefits EXCEPT （ ）. A、avoiding mistakes B、saving money C、making money D、opening up opportunities 4.According to the writer, the bad effects of computers can be avoided if we （ ）. A、have sound knowledge of computer systems B、tell people not to misuse computers C、have strict rules over the use of computers D、make more investments in the technology 5.This passage is probably written for （ ）. A、computer teachers B、computer producers C、computer learners D、computer programmers

英译汉 After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, marked 1 to 5. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A ),B), C), and D ). You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Google, the Internet search-engine company, has announced it will give more than twenty-five million dollars in money and investments to help the poor. The company says the effort involves using the power of information and technology to help improve their lives. Aleem Walji works for'Google, org-the part of the company that gives money to good causes. He said the company's first project will help identify where infectious (传染性的) diseases are developing. In Southeast Asia and Africa, for example, Google.org will work with partners to strength early-warning systems and take action against growing health threats. Google.org's second project will invest in ways to help small and medium-sized business grow. Walji says microfinance(小额信贷) is generally small, short-term loans that create few jobs. Instead, he says Google.org wants to develop ways to bring investors and business owners together to create jobs and improve economic growth. Google.org will also give money to help two climate-change programs announced earlier this year. One of these programs studies ways to make renewable(再生的) energy less costly than coal-based energy. The other is examining the efforts being made to increase the use of electric cars. The creators of Google. org have promised to give Google. org about one percent of company profits and one percent of its total stock value every year. Aleem Walji says this amount may increase in the future. 1. The purpose of Google's investment is to ( ) A) help poor people B) develop new technology C) expand its own business D) increase the power of information 2."According to Aleem Walji, the company's first project is to ( ) A) set up a new system to warn people of infectious diseases B) find out where infectious diseases develop C) identify the causes of infectious diseases D) cure patients of infectious diseases 3.What kind of business will benefit from Google. org's second project？( ) A) Large enterprises. B) Cross-national companies. C) Foreign-funded corporations. D) Small and medium-sized business. 4. From the fourth paragraph, we learn that Google's money is also invested to help( ) A) start more research programs B) make more advanced electric cars C) develop renewable and coal-based energy D) conduct studies related to climate changes 5. From the last paragraph we learn that the investments by Google. org come from ( ) A) Google's profits and stock value B) some international IT companies C) the company's own interests D) local commercial banks

英译汉 Directions: Read the following four Passages. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D) Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points) Passage 1 Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D)C) Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you:“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do —— then broaden it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.“I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them —— and they do.“"On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who aren't hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 41. How did Redmon find his job? A)By searching openings in a job database. B) By posting a matching position in a database. C)By using a special service of a database. D)By E-mailing his resume to a database. 42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents? A)Lack of counseling. B)Limited number of visits. C)Lower efficiency. D)Fewer successful matches. 43、The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means A)advisory. B)compensation. C)interaction. D)reminder. 44、Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options? A)To focus on better job matches. B)To attract more returning visits. C)To reserve space for more messages. D)To increase the rate of success. 45、Which of the following is true according to the text? A)Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. B) Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. C)Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employeD) D)Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employeD) Passage 2 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 46. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAA A cars and Zodiac cars? A) A kind of overlooked inequality. B) A type of conspicuous bias. C) A type of personal prejudice. D) A kind of brand discrimination. 47、What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? A)In both East and West, names are essential to success. B)The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman. C)Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names. D)Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 48、The 4th paragraph suggests that A)questions are often put to the more intelligent students. B)alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape form class. C)teachers should pay attention to all of their students. D)students should be seated according to their eyesight. 49、What does the author mean by "most people are literally having a ZZZ" (Line 2-3, Paragraph 5)? A)They are getting impatient. B)They are noisily dozing off. C)They are feeling humiliateD) D)They are busy with word puzzles. 50、Which of the following is true according to the text? A)People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treateD) B)VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. C)The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. D)Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. Passage 3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says. Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty gooD) Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a joB) Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting. 51. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet”(Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means A)Spero can hardly maintain her business. B)Spero is too much engaged in her work. C)Spero has grown out of her bad habit. D)Spero is not in a desperate situation. 52. How do the public feel about the current economic situation? A)Optimist B)Confuse C)Carefree. D)Panicle 53. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range” (Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about. A)gold market. B)real estate. C)stock exchange. D)venture investment. 54. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic showdown? A)They would benefit in certain ways. B)The stock market shows signs of recovery. C)Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom. D)The purchasing power would be enhance 55. To which of the following is the author likely to agree? A)A now boom, on the horizon. B)Tighten the belt, the single remedy. C)Caution all right, panic not. D)The more ventures, the more chances. Passage 4 Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education —— not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to finD) “Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Razitch’s latest bock, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.” “Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:“We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized —— going to school and learning to read —— so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the minD) Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusteD) Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.” 56. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school? A)The habit of thinking independently. B)Profound knowledge of the world C)Practical abilities for future career. D)The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 57. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of A)undervaluing intellect. B)favoring intellectualism. C)supporting school reform. D)suppressing native intelligence. 59. Emerson, according to the text, is probably A)a pioneer of education reform. B)an opponent of intellectualism. C)a scholar in favor of intellect. D)an advocate of regular schooling. 60. What does the author think of intellect? A)It is second to intelligence. B)It evolves from common sense. C)It is to be pursueD) D)It underlies power.

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. It is not strange these days that almost every person can pick a painter out of crowds in the street. It is his dress style that tells who he is—usually, a pair of big high boots, long hair for males and very large or gaily-colored suits. Many young and educated people have started to dress themselves into the kind of person they want to be. People are also starting to form opinions about others based on their dress. Women working in joint ventures, foreign trading companies, foreign-funded hotels and wholly foreign-owned enterprises are the best dressed group in society. Perhaps their need to attend formal occasions and their higher than average pays account for their neat, formal and elegant style. It is reflected in their famous-brand fashions from specialty stores. Their professional image has an overwhelming impact on the fashion in society as a whole. This year, women's western suits with trousers or skirts of the same fabric swept across the country. And skirts, which used to be only for summer wear, are being seen in all four seasons. They add a soft touch to the workplace, which is usually dominated by men's black and blue suits. Different from the elegant collections, some tend to put their individual taste and esthetic value into the choice of garments and make themselves outstanding. Their dress does not impress others through excellent materials and famous brands, but original styles. Back to a classical style is one of the fashion trends nowadays. Suits with Chinese collars and cloth buttons, as well as close-fitting skirts with slits on each side, can be seen on some young ladies. 1.What does the author want to tell us in the first two paragraphs? （ ） A、Painters dress themselves terribly. B、Painters dress differently from others. C、Different people dress differently. D、People tend to talk about others' dress. 2.Who are the best dressed group in society? （ ） A、Air hostesses. B、women in foreign-funded factories. C、women in joint ventures. D、women teachers. 3.Women used to wear skirts in （ ）. A、summer B、autumn and spring C、winter D、all the four seasons 4.Putting their individual taste and esthetic value into the choice of garments and making themselves outstanding, some people impress others through （ ）. A、excellent fabric B、famous brands C、original styles D、bright colour 5.The most fashionable style of this year is （ ）. A、dog, the faithful friend of human beings B、dog, the guard of human beings C、man prefers the dog to other animals D、dog is a clever and loyal animal

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. The announcement that England's mad cow disease was involved in 10 cases of a fatal human brain disorder has been met with understandable hysteria (歇斯底里). The market for British beef collapsed; 100,000 farmers' jobs are in jeopardy (危险); and the government is trying to defuse (去除) a crisis that could cause billions of dollars in losses. But what is striking about the situation is how sharply the decisive public reaction to the crisis contrasts with the cautious language in the announcement. Scientists said consumption of contaminated (污染) beef was "the most likely explanation" for 10 cases of a similar human illness called Creutzeldt-Jakob disease—nothing more definite than that. The crisis is a telling example of a phenomenon occurring ever more frequently. A complex scientific debate is suddenly thrust upon an anxious public that is ill-equipped to understand it. Instant communications, combined with the greater willingness of government and industry leaders to go public with their scientific disputes, trigger (引发) concern. The core of real science gets overwhelmed by a flurry (一阵，波动) of "junk science"—conflicting statements by politicians, confusing press reports, legal depositions, even dueling (决斗的) advertisements. The real problem is the nature of scientific inquiry, which inevitably involves uncertainty. Researchers cannot say conclusively whether mad cow disease poses a risk to humans. They don't know the extent of the epidemic (传染病) or how it can be stopped. Indeed, they can't even agree on the cause. "This is tremendously difficult for the public to sort out. If scientists are disagreeing, what's the citizen to presume (相信)?" asks Paul Slovic, an American psychologist at Decision Research in Eugene. One lesson to be drawn from the mad cow crisis is that governments shouldn't cut funding for basic research, which can help prevent tomorrow's crises. But the only real solution is for government and industry leaders to use scientific information responsibly. Unresolved scientific disputes have become a fact of modern life. Nothing else so clearly illustrates science's limits. 1.The announcement indicating the connection between the mad cow disease and the fatal human brain disorder has brought about （ ）. A、a drastic (迅猛的) decline in beef consumption B、unemployment of 100,000 farmers C、the British government decisive action to prevent future crisis D、scientific disputes concerning the nature of Creutzeldt-Jakob 2.We can infer from the article that Creutzeldt-Jakob disease （ ）. A、is an epidemic fatal to humans as well as to cattle B、is caused by eating contaminated beef C、is incurable but preventable D、is still under scientific investigation 3.To the author, the way in which the public reacted to the announcement is （ ）. A、incomprehensible B、ridiculous C、justifiable D、illogical 4.In the author's opinion, which of the following should NOT be held responsible for the crisis? （ ） A、Uncertainty in explaining the cause of the human brain disorder. B、Irresponsibility of government officials in using scientific information. C、Misleading news reports written by journalists. D、Advertisements and news reports written by journalists. 5.Which of the following does the author regard as the most important in preventing future crises of this kind? （ ） A、The government should give more money to basic research. B、The public should not be officially given scientific information that might lead to confusion. C、Advertisers should use more cautious language in promoting new products. D、Scientists should settle their disputes before informing the public of their discoveries.

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. The most common form of entertainment in the U.S. is television. Nearly everyone watches television at some regular time in his or her daily life, whether in the morning, at night or on weekends. Most families have color televisions and many have more than one set. Since its beginning, the television industry in the U.S. has been controlled by three companies. Those companies have formed networks of television stations in cities across the country. Each station televises its company's television programs. The three national networks are ABC, American Broadcasting Company, CBS, Columbia Broadcasting System and NBC, National Broadcasting Company. Each network has news features, dramatic presentations, comedies and sports events. Each network competes for a large percentage of the television audience by trying to present programs with wide popular appeal. The programs are financed by advertising. Companies pay the television network to display their products on television. The more popular a program, the higher the network can charge a company for commercials during the program. There is a public television network. It has no commercials. Instead it receives financial support from the government, some private corporations and individual donations. Recently, a new type of television network has been gaining popularity. These networks are called cable television. Cable television companies sell television programs directly to the public. The viewer pays a monthly fee to the company. The company installs a special line to his television set to receive the programs which he has paid the company to watch. 1.Since their beginning, the three major television stations in the U.S. have competed （ ）. A、to receive more financial support from the government, private corporations and individual donations B、for a large television audience C、to have more television programs D、for more television advertisements 2.If a TV program is liked or enjoyed by more viewers, （ ）. A、the TV station will receive more rewards from the government B、the television audience will spend more time on other TV programs C、the TV station can charge a business company more money for its advertisements D、the business company can show TV viewers more new products 3.A public television station is one （ ）. A、that has more general public B、that receives money not from business companies or TV viewers but from the government or other sources C、that has more TV programs than commercial advertisements D、that is financially supported by the government and individuals who watch the programs 4.By "commercials" (Line 10, Para. 2), the author means （ ）. A、of or for commerce B、making profits C、from the point of view of commercial products D、advertisements on TV 5.The cable television is popular with the viewers in that （ ）. A、it receives financial support from the government B、it presents viewers with special TV programs C、it displays more popular industrial products D、its viewers are free to watch its programs

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or finished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic (语言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual (多语言的) guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always he the upper hand. 21. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably ________. A) stand still B) jump aside C) step forward D) draw back（D） 22. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________. A) cultural self-centeredness B) casual manners C) indifference towards foreign visitors D) arrogance towards other cultures（A） 23. In countries other than their own most Americans ________. A) are isolated by the local people B) are not well informed due to the language barrier C) tend to get along well with the natives D) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants（B） 24. According to the author, Americans’ cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will ________. A) affect their image in the new era B) cut themselves off from the outside world C) limit their role in world affairs D) weaken the position of the US dollar（C） 25. The author’s intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize that ________. A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friends B) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairs C) it is necessary to use several languages in public places D) it is time to get acquainted with other cultures（D） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outward appearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors. But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the fashion industry today. What are they? They are high heels—a woman’s worst enemy (whether she knows it or not). High heel shoes are the downfall of modern society. Fashion myths have led women to believe that they are more beautiful or sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed in posing short as well as long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use or purchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering. For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First, heels are excellent for aerating (使通气) lawns. Anyone who has ever worn heels on grass knows what I am talking about. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without all those messy chunks of dirt lying around. Second, heels are quite functional for defense against oncoming enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these sharp, deadly fashion accessories. Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high heels is harmful to one’s physical health. Talk to any podiatrist (足病医生)， and you will hear that the majority of their business comes from high-heel-wearing women. High heels are known to cause problems such as deformed feet and torn toenails. The risk of severe back problems and twisted or broken ankles is three times higher for a flat shoe wearer. Wearing heels also creates the threat of getting a heel caught in a sidewalk crack or a sewer-grate (阴沟栅) and being thrown to the ground—possibly breaking a nose, back, or neck. And of course, after wearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries to comfort her swollen, aching feet. 26. What makes women blind to the deceptive nature of high heels? A) The multi-functional use of high heels. B) Their attempt to show off their status. C) The rich variety of high heel styles. D) Their wish to improve their appearance.（D） 27. The author’s presentation of the positive side of high heels is meant ________. A) to be ironic B) to poke fun at women C) to be fair to the fashion industry D) to make his point convincing（B） 28. The author uses the expression “those babies” (Line 3, Para. 2) to refer to high heels ________. A) to show their fragile characteristics B) to indicate their feminine features C) to show women’s affection for them D) to emphasize their small size（D） 29. The author’s chief argument against high heels is that ________. A) they pose a threat to lawns B) they are injurious to women’s health C) they don’t necessarily make women beautiful D) they are ineffective as a weapon of defense（B） 30. It can be inferred from the passage that women should ________. A) see through the very nature of fashion myths B) boycott the products of the fashion industry C) go to a podiatrist regularly for advice D) avoid following fashion too closely（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society. but my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering (闪烁) at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude (独处的状态) goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic (心理的), and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every fact of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as we’ve known it. 31. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is ________. A) rather bleak B) fairly bright C) very impressive D) quite encouraging（A） 32. The author’s biggest concern is ________. A) elementary school children’s disinterest in reading classics B) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S. C) the musical setting American readers require for reading D) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class（D） 33. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is ________. A) their fondness of music and TV programs B) their ignorance of various forms of art and literature C) their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding D) their inability to focus on conflicting input（C） 34. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is ________. A) to be able to appreciate it and memorize it B) to analyze its essential features C) to think it over conscientiously D) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value（A） 35. About the future of the arts of reading the author feels ________. A) upset B) uncertain C) alarmed D) pessimistic（B） Passage Four Questions 35 to 40 are based on the following passage. For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons that were to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better trade routes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into the American wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and the Apollo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during the cold war. Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorers involved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gone before. Today Mars looms（隐约出现）as humanity’s next great terra incognita（未探明之地）. And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leave their tracks on the planet’s reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played a minor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites a couple of others: Are there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could those experiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people across interplanetary space? With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite（陨石）from valuable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complex chemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars and Earth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all of science: the prevalence of life in the universe. 36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the past was ________. A) to display their country’s military might B) to accomplish some significant science C) to find new areas for colonization D) to pursue commercial and state interests（D） 37. At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is ________. A) international cooperation B) scientific research C) nationalistic reasons D) long-term pro fits（C） 38. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars? A) To find out if life ever existed there. B) To see if humans could survive there. C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures. D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration.（A） 39. By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been” (Line 1, Para. 4), the author means that ________. A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space ventures B) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very high C) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever before D) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue（B） 40. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars would ________. A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of life B) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils traveled to Earth on a meteorite C) reveal the kind of conditions under which life originates D) provide an explanation why life is common in the universe（C）

英译汉 After reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 1 to 5. For each question or statement there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D, You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. The ups and downs of life may seem to have no predictable plan. But scientists now know there are very definite patterns that almost all people share. Even if you've passed some of your "prime year", you still have other prime years to experience in the future. When are you smartest? From 18 to 25, according to I. Q. scores; but you're wiser and more experienced with increasing age. You're sharpest in your 20's. But your I. Q. for other tasks climbs. Your vocabulary at age 5, for Example, is three times as great as when you graduated from college. At 60, your brain possesses almost four times as much information as it did at age 21. When are you happiest? You have the best physical sense of yourself from 15 to 24 ; the best professional sense from 5 to 4. Before age 24, we believe that our happiest years are yet to come; over 30, we believe that they're behind us. A National Health Survey agrees: After age 30, we become more realistic and do not view happiness as a goal in itself. If we maintain our health, achieve professional and emotional goals, happiness will follow. When are you most creative.'? Generally between 30 and 4, but the peak varies with different professions. Mozart wrote a symphony by age eight, and Mendelssohn composed his best known work at 17, but most of the great music was written by men between 33 and 4. Though the peak in most fields comes early, creative people continue to produce quality work throughout their lives. For the "well-conditioned mind", there is no upper limit. 1. The expression "prime years" on line 3, Paragraph 1 probably means( ). A、the age of ideal physical condition B、be early in time C、the period of ideal or peak condition D、the. Most special days 2. At what age are you smartest, sharpest and with the best physical sense, ac-cording to the passage? ( ) A、From about 15 to 25. B、Over 30. C、From 5 to 49. D、At 60. 3. There are many ways to take happiness with us in our lives EXCEPTFOR( ) A、maintaining our health B、achieving professional goals C、achieving emotional goals D、being smart and sharp 4. From the last paragraph, we can learn that( ) A、for those creative people, there is no upper limit in life B、for most of us, the peak in most fields comes early C、the peak varies with different professions D、how we can keep our creativeness 5. The passage is mainly about( ) A、the ups and downs of life may have no predictable plan B、everyone has his or her prime years to experience again after the "prime" in his or her 20's C、at what age you are smartest in your life D、at what age you are happiest in your life

英译汉 Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Man is a land animal, but he is also closely tied to the sea. Throughout history the sea has served the needs of man. The sea has provided man with food and a convenient way to travel to many parts of the world. Today, experts estimate that nearly two-thirds of the world’s population lives within eighty kilometers of the seacoast. In the modern technological world, the sea offers many resources to help mankind survive. Resources on land are beginning to grow less. The sea, however, still offers hope to supply many of man’s needs. The riches of the sea yet to be developed by man’s technology are impressive. Oil and gas exploration have existed for nearly thirty years. Valuable amounts of minerals such as manganese (锰), iron, nickel (镍) and copper exist on the ocean floor, ready to be mined. Fish farming promises to be a good way to produce large quantities of food. The culture of fish and shellfish is an ancient skill practised in the past mainly by oriental peoples. Besides oil and gas, the sea may offer new sources of energy. Experts believe that the warm temperature of the ocean can be used in a way similar to the steam in a steamship. Ocean currents and waves offer possible use as a source of energy such as hydroelectric (水力电气的) power. Technology is enabling man to explore ever deeper under the sea. The new undersea technology is providing divers with diving suits and undersea chambers that are kept at sea-level pressure. The development of strong, new materials has made this possible. The technology to harvest the sea continues to improve. By the year 2000, experts had believed that the problems to exploit the food, minerals, and energy sources of the sea would be largely solved. 1.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? （ ） A、Needs of Man. B、Sea Harvest. C、Sources of Energy. D、Sea Exploring Technology. 2.It can be inferred from the passage that （ ）. A、man hasn’t completely cultivated the riches of the sea B、technology for exploring the sea has been solved C、planting rice in the sea will be made possible in a short time D、in the near future man can live on the ocean floor 3.Why does the author mention a steamship? （ ） A、To illustrate that man can make use of sources of energy from the sea. B、To show that a steamship is better than other kinds of ships. C、To argue that man should use steamships more than other means of transportation. D、To indicate that it is warmer in the ocean than on land. 4.According to the author, technology for exploring the sea is important because （ ）. A、man cannot travel farther into space B、resources on land are running short C、it’s a lot of fun diving into the sea D、ancient people used to explore the sea 5.Which of the following words could best replace the word “exploit” (Line 2, Para. 7)? （ ） A、Evaluate. B、Gather. C、Develop. D、Scatter.

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line trough the centre. Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies in style and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the same time standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows. Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of “trash talk (废话)”. The topics on his show are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talk show themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly, the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society’s moral catastrophes (灾难), yet people are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments (困境) of other people’s lives. Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in the opposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individual’s quality of life. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work week, to getting to know your neighbors. Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped on society. Jerry ends every show with a “final word”. He makes a small speech that sums up the entire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something very valuable. Clean as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show’s main target audiences are middle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal with life’s tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with the young adults of society. These are 18-to 21-year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love, relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to be learned underneath the show’s exploitation. While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuit for many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong following from large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk show world. 21. Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey are ________. A) more family-oriented B) unusually popular C) more profound D) relatively formal（B） 22. Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, the audience ________. A) remain fascinated by them B) are ready to face up to them C) remain indifferent to them D) are willing to get involved in them（A） 23. Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show? A) A new type of robot. B) Racist hatred. C) Family budget planning. D) Street violence.（C） 24. Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are both ________. A) ironical B) sensitive C) instructive D) cynical（C） 25. We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows ________. A) have monopolized the talk show circuit B) exploit the weaknesses in human nature C) appear at different times of the day D) are targeted at different audiences（D） Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on “persuasive salesmanship” to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent (慈善的) or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction-the firm and the customer-and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled! 26. The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence, ________. A) the practice of turning goods into money B) making goods available for purchase C) the customer-centred approach D) a form of persuasive salesmanship（C） 27. What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widely accepted? A) The needs of the market. B) The efficiency of production. C) The satisfaction of the user. D) The preferences of the dealer.（B） 28. According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1) means “________”. A) to sell the largest possible amount of goods B) to transport goods as efficiently as possible C) to dispose of these goods in large quantities D) to redesign these goods for large-scale production（A） 29. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate? A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people. B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public. C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please. D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.（D） 30. In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on ________. A) its main characteristic B) its social impact C) its possible consequence D) its theoretical basis（A） Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage. Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy (冷漠) and stagnation (呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness (分裂) and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions. 31. In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is ________. A) wrong B) oversimplified C) misleading D) unclear（B） 32. Professor Charles R. Schwenk’s research shows ________. A) the advantages and disadvantages of conflict B) the real value of conflict C) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflict D) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict（C） 33. We can learn from Schwenk’s research that ________. A) a person’s view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organization B) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizations C) different people resolve conflicts in different ways D) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict（A） 34. The passage suggests that in for-profit organizations ________. A) there is no end of conflict B) expression of different opinions is encouraged C) decisions must be justifiable D) success lies in general agreement（D） 35. People working in a not-for-profit organization ________. A) seem to be difficult to satisfy B) are free to express diverse opinions C) are less effective in making decisions D) find it easier to reach agreement（B） Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Imagine eating everything delicious you want-with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn’t it? New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients (营养物) and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it’s up to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating. Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all. Normally, special chemicals in the intestines (肠) “grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids. The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream. Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids (类胡萝卜素), compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc. Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming. 36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ________. A) contains plenty of nutrients B) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitamins C) makes foods easily digestible D) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious（D） 37. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be ________. A) commercially useless B) just as anticipated C) somewhat controversial D) quite unexpected（D） 38. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ________. A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbed B) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the body C) it helps reduce the incidence of heart disease D) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins（A） 39. What is a possible negative effect of olestra according to some critics? A) It may impair the digestive system. B) It may affect the overall fat intake. C) It may increase the risk of cancer. D) It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.（C） 40. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra? A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins. B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary. C) The function of the intestines may be weakened. D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.（B）

英译汉One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance. 　　When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) {{U}}Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, {{/U}}the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. 　　It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) {{U}}but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.{{/U}} 　　A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) {{U}}Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.{{/U}} 　　Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) {{U}}In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.{{/U}} 　　To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) {{U}}It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning{{/U}}.Without the uneconomic pats.

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage: Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees. The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge. Observers noted down the referees' errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number. The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyse the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters.The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters. There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second. If FIFA, football's international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball,the researcher argues. He also says that FIFA's insistence that referees should retire at age 45 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical. 51. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to _______. A) review the decisions of referees at the 1998 World Cup B) analyse the causes of errors made by football referees C) set a standard for football refereeing 52. The number of refereeing errors in the experimental matches was _______. A) slightly above average B) higher than in the 1998 World Cup C) quite unexpected D) as high as in a standard match 53. The findings of the experiment show that _______. A) errors are more likely when a referee keeps close to the ball B) the farther the referee is from the incident, the fewer the errors C) the more slowly the referee runs, the more likely will errors occur D) errors are less likely when a referee stays in one spot 54. The word "officials" (Line 2, Para. 4) most probably refers to _______. A) the researchers involved in the experiment B) the inspectors of the football tournament C) the referees of the football tournament D) the observers at the site of the experiment 55. What is one of the possible conclusions of the experiment? A) The ideal retirement age for an experienced football referee is 45. B) Age should not be the chief consideration in choosing a football referee. C) A football referee should be as young and energetic as possible. D)An experienced football referee can do well even when in poor physical condition. Passage Two Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage: While still in its early stages, welfare reform has already been judged a great success in many states ?a at least in getting people off welfare. It's estimated that more than 2 million people have left the rolls since 1994. In the past four years, welfare rolls in Athens County have been eut in half. But 70 percent of the people who left in the past two years took jobs that paid less than $6 an hour. The result: The Athens County poverty rate still remains at more than 30 percent--twice the national average. For advocates (代言人)for the poor, that's an indication much more needs to be done. "More people are getting jobs, but it's not making their lives any better," says Kathy Lairn，a policy analyst at the Center on Budget and Policy Pricorities in Washington. A center analysis of US Census data nationwide found that between 1995 and 1996, a greater percentage of single, femalea2headed households were earning money on their own, but that average income for these households actually went down. but for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. "Welfare was a poison. It was a toxin (毒素) that was poisoning the family," says Robert Rector, a welfarea2reform policy analyst. "The reform is changing the moral climate in lowa2income communities. It's beginning to rebuild the work ethic (道德观)，which is much more important." Mr. Rector and others argued that once "the habit of dependency is cracked," then the country can make other policy changes aimed at improving living standards. 56. From the passage, it can be seen that the author _______. A) believes the reform has reduced the government's burden B) insists that welfare reform is doing little good for the poor C) is overenthusiastic about the success of welfare reform D) considers welfare reform to be fundamentally successful 57. Why aren't people enjoying better lives when they have jobs? A) Because many families are divorced. B) Because government aid is now rare. C) Because their wages are low. D) Because the cost of living is rising. 58. What is worth noting from the example of Athens County is that _______. A) greater efforts should be made to improve people's living standards B) 70 percent of the people there have been employed for two years C) 50 percent of the population no longer relies on welfare D) the living standards of most people are going down 59. From the passage we know that welfare reform aims at _______. A) saving welfare funds B) rebuilding the work ethic C) providing more jobs D) cutting government expenses 60. According to the passage, before the welfare reform was carried out, _______. A) the poverty rate was lower B) average living standards were higher C) the average worker was paid higher wages D) the poor used to rely on government aid Passage Three Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage: Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) Clothes. People have be come conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. 61. It is surprising that Americans who worship variety and individuality _______. A) still judge a man by his clothes B) hold the uniform in such high regard C) enjoy having a professional identity D) will respect an elevator operator as much as a general in uniform 62. People are accustomed to think that a man in uniform _______. A) suggests quality work B) discards his social identity C) appears to be more practical D) looks superior to a person in civilian clothes 63. The chief function of a uniform is to _______. A) provide practical benefits to the wearer B) make the wearer catch the public eye C) inspire the wearer's confidence in himself D) provide the wearer with a professional identity 64. According to the passage, people wearing uniforms _______. A) are usually helpful B) have little or no individual freedom C) tend to lose their individuality D) enjoy greater popularity 65. The best title for this passage would be _______. A) Uniforms and Society B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms Passage Four Question 66 to 70 are based on the following passage: Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear betterable to cope with major life changes and daily hassles(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those withou such ties.Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off(挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is streng thened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移...注意力)us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support ?a financial aid, material resources, and needed services -- that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 66. Interpersonal relationships are important because _______. A) they are indispensable to people's social weel-being B) they waken people's desire to exchange resources C) they help people to cope with life in the information era D) they can cure a range of illnesses such as heart disease, etc. 67. Research shows that people's physical and mental health _______. A) relies on the social welfare systems which support them B) has much to do with the amount of support they get from others C) depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troubles D)is closely related to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives 68. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word"cushions"(Line 1, Para.2)? A) Adds up to. B) Does away with. C) Lessens the effect of. D) Lays the foundation for. 69. Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of _______. A) instrumental support B) informational support C) social companionship D) the strengthening of self-respect 70. Social companionship is beneficial in that _______. A) it helps strengthen our ties with relatives B) it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakes C) it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyable D) it draws our attention away from our worries and troubles

英译汉 Reading Comprehension (35 minutes) Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre. Passage One Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage. In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began to recover from World War I and instituted austerity (紧缩) programs to reduce their imports. The result was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for farmers than earlier times had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery, seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmers bought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developments were made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the 1939s. In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. It established the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the first national commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers. President Hoover’s successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the first measures proposed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave the Secretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements with farmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products was planned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people. However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result of resting soil and providing flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. The Roosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation’s soil was in the national interest and was not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the government guaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid (杂交) grain, and fertilizers. 21. What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products? A) The impact of the Great Depression. B) The shrinking of overseas markets. C) The destruction caused by the First World War. D) The increased exports of European countries.（B） 22. The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculture in the 1920s was ________. A) to increase farm production B) to establish agricultural laws C) to prevent farmers from going bankrupt D) to promote the mechanization of agriculture（C） 23. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to ________. A) reduce their scale of production B) make full use of their land C) adjust the prices of their farm products D) be self-sufficient in agricultural production（D） 24. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that the Act ________. A) might cause greater scarcity of farm products B) didn’t give the Secretary of Agriculture enough power C) would benefit neither the government nor the farmers D) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others（D） 25. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimed at ________. A) reducing the cost of farming B) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nation C) lowering the burden of farmers D) helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayers（D） Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage. In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, they’re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid. A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field. Imitating the brain’s neural (神经的) network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”, he explains, “but it’s not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain’s capabilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills. Right now, the option that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town. 26. The author says that the powerful computers of today ________. A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an object B) are close to exhibiting humanlike behavior C) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50’s D) still cannot communicate with people in a human language（D） 27. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems from ________. A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objects B) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programs C) the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old child D) the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells（B） 28. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to ________. A) find a roundabout way to design powerful computers B) build a computer using a clever network of switches C) find out how intelligence developed in nature D) separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought（C） 29. What’s the author’s opinion about the new AI movement? A) It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out. B) It’s a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes. C) It’s more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort. D) It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.（B） 30. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “the only game in town” (Line 3, Para. 4)? A) The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer. B) The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research. C) The only area worth studying in computer science. D) The only game they would like to play in town.（D） Passage Three Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse (温室) gases. They take a similar toll of (损耗) resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to global climatic change. Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these—in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity—is ultimately the only sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. For example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world suggests that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the U.S., mass-transit ridership and carpooling (合伙用车) have declined since World War II. Even in Western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $1 a liter (about $4 a gallon) and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel. Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions (especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less polluting types of gasoline). 31. From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will ________. A) consume half of the oil produced in the world B) have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations C) widen the gap between the developed and developing countries D) impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities（B） 32. The U.S. has to deal with the problems arising from vehicle use because ________. A) most Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportation systems B) the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptable C) other countries will protest its increasing greenhouse emissions D) it should take a lead in conserving natural resources（C） 33. Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in the passage? A) The designing of highly efficient car engines. B) A reduction of vehicle use in cities. C) The development of electric cars. D) The use of less polluting fuels.（C） 34. Which of the following is practical but only makes a marginal contribution to solving the problem of greenhouse emissions? A) The use of fuels other than gasoline. B) Improved energy efficiency. C) The introduction of less polluting driving systems. D) Reducing car use by carpooling.（B） 35. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A) The decline of public transportation accounts for increased car use in Western Europe. B) Cars are popular in Western Europe even though fuel prices are fairly high. C) The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in densely populated Western Europe. D) Western European oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels.（B） Passage Four Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage. Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers. Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution. In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States. Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores. 36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like their shoes to be called “footwear for yuppies” is that ________. A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groups B) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoes C) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative image D) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices（A） 37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________. A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling it B) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributors C) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell it D) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores（D） 38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ________. A) its supply of products fell short of demand B) too many distributors would cut into its profits C) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the market D) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products（A） 39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it ________. A) does not want to further expand its retailing network B) still limits the number of shoes supplied to stores C) is still particular about who sells its products D) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products（C） 40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems? A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores. B) A company should not limit its distribution network. C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products. D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market.（D）