阅读理解We think of winter as cold and flu season, but the chilly temperatures have powerful biological upsides too

阅读理解Text 6 The two principal ways in which immigrant groups adjust to the dominant culture of the host country are assimilation and acculturation

阅读理解Passage F The standard of living of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces

阅读理解Directions:In this part of the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface withmolten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported theevolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface ofthe Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4. 5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as theHadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is knownabout it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3. 8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled withan extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and cometsflying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish，” said lead studyauthor Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado.This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name — Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of theunderworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began toemerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this eon “suggestedthat there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture thatthe Hadean was hellish，” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earthappears during the Hadean — maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previouslythought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown.To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whoseheavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experiencedback then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold,delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the totalmass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions，” Marchi said. Prior research suggests theseimpacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “ the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected byvery large collisions, by impactors larger than 100 kilometers or so — really, really big impactors,”Marchi said. “ When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of theEarth’s crust and mantle, covering a large fraction of the surface,” Marchi added. These findingssuggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock — enoughto cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rocks survive from theHadean, the researchers said.

阅读理解Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal-or at least many parts of it have

阅读理解What can we learn from this passage？

阅读理解Text 1 A lot of perfectly respectable small businesses are raking in money from Internet fraud

阅读理解What can we infer from this passage？

阅读理解Questions 1 to 10 are based on the following passage

阅读理解 Everyone has seen it happen. A colleague who has been excited involved, and productive slowly begins to pull back, lose energy and interest, and becomes a shadow of his or her former self. Or, a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism. What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there? Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy, lack of commitment and involvement, and continual frustration, often accompanied at work by physical symptoms, disability claims and performance problem. Job burnout is a crisis of spirit, when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization's most valuable resource—the energy, dedication, and creativity of its employees is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available. Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work. The burned-out manager comes to work, but he brings a shell rather than a person. He experiences little satisfaction, and feels uninvolved, detached, and uncommitted to his work and co-workers. While he may be effective by external standards, he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level, and the whole community begins to suffer. Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire. It's especially scary and consequential because it strikes some of the most talented. If they can't maintain their fire, others ask, who can? Are these people lost forever, or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually, the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit, and, more important, there are ways for organization to change conditions that lead to burnout.

阅读理解 Charles Darwin and Abraham Lincoln were born in the same year, on the same day: Feb.12, 1809. How's this for a coincidence? Instinctively, we want to say that they belong together. It's not just because they were both great men, and not because they happen to be exactly at the same age. Rather, it's because the scientist and the politician each touched off a revolution that changed the world. Lincoln and Darwin were both revolutionaries, in the sense that both men upended realities that prevailed when they were born. They seem—and sound—modern to us, because the world they left behind them is more or less the one we still live in. So, considering the joint magnitude of their contributions—and the coincidence of their conjoined birthdays—it is hard not to wonder: who was the greater man? It's an apples and oranges—or Superman vs. Santa—comparison. But if you limit the question to influence, it bears pondering, all the more if you turn the question around and ask, what might have happened if one of these men had not been born? Very quickly the balance tips in Lincoln's favor. Great as Darwin's book on evolution is, it does no harm to remember that be hurried to publish 'The Origin of Species' because he thought he was about to be scooped(抢先)by his fellow naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who had independently come up with much the same idea of evolution through natural selection. In other words, there was a certain inevitability to Darwin's theory. Ideas about evolution surfaced throughout the first part of the 19th century, and while none of them was as conclusive as Darwin's, it was not as though he was the only man who had the idea. Lincoln, in contrast, is Unique. Take him out of the picture, and there is no telling what might have happened to the country. True, his election to the presidency did provoke secession and, in turn, the war itself, but that war seems inevitable—not a question of if but when. If Darwin were not so irreplaceable as Lincoln, that should not deny his accomplishment. No one could have formulated his theory any more elegantly—or anguished more over its implications. Like Lincoln, Darwin was brave. He risked his health and his reputation to advance the idea that we are not over nature but a part of it. Lincoln prosecuted a war—and became its ultimate casualty—to ensure that no man should have dominion over another. Their identical birthdays afford us a superb opportunity to observe these men in the shared context of their time—how each was shaped by his circumstances, how each reacted to the beliefs that steered the world into which he was born and ultimately how each reshaped his comer of that world and left it irrevocably changed.

阅读理解It is implied in the passage that_______ 

阅读理解 The ancient Greeks developed basic memory systems called Mnemonics. The name is (1) from their Goddess of Memory, Mnemosene. In the ancient world, a trained memory was an (2) asset, particularly in public life. There were no (3) devices for taking notes and early Greek orators (演说家) delivered long speeches with great (4) because they learned the speeches using Mnemonic systems. The Greeks discovered that human memory is (5) an associative process—that it works by linking things together. For example, think of an apple. The (6) your brain registers the word apple, it (7) the shape, colour, taste, smell and (8) of that fruit. All these things are associated in your memory with the word apple. (9) . An example could be when you think about a lecture you have had. This could trigger a memory about what you were talking about through that lecture, which can then trigger another memory. (10) . An example given on a website I was looking at follows: Do you remember the shape of Austria, Canada, Belgium or Germany? Probably not. What about Italy, though? (11) You made an association with something already known, the shape of a boot, and Italys shape could not be forgotten once you had made the association.

阅读理解Passage D Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one sourcecrude oil found below the earths surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earths interior

阅读理解Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people dealing with their relations have been recorded in innumerable myths, folktales, novels, poems, plays, and popular or philosophical essays. Although the full significance of a human relationship may not be directly evident, the complexity of feelings and actions that can be understood at a glance is surprisingly great. For this reason psychology holds a unique position among the sciences. Intuitive knowledge may be remarkably penetrating and can significantly help us understand human behavior, whereas in the physical sciences such commonsense knowledge is relatively primitive. If we erased all knowledge of scientific physics from our modern world, not only would we not have cars and television sets, we might even find that the ordinary person was unable to cope with the fundamental mechanical problems of pulleys and levers. On the other hand if we removed all knowledge of scientific psychology from our world, problems in interpersonal relations might easily be coped with and solved much as before. We would still know how to avoid doing something asked of us and how to get someone to agree with us; we would still know when someone was angry and when someone was pleased. One could even offer sensible explanations for the whys of much of the self’s behavior and feelings. In other words, the ordinary person has a great and profound understanding of the self and of other people which, though unformulated or only vaguely conceived, enables one to interact with others in more or less adaptive ways. Kohler, in referring to the lack of great discoveries in psychology as compared with physics, accounts for this by saying that people were acquainted with practically all territories of mental life a long time before the founding of scientific psychology.Paradoxically, with all this natural, intuitive commonsense capacity to grasp human relations, the science of human relations has been one of the last to develop. Different explanations of this paradox have been suggested. One is that science would destroy the vain and pleasing illusions people have about themselves; but we might ask why people have always loved to read pessimistic, debunking writings, from Ecclesiastes to Freud. It has also been proposed that just because we know so much about people intuitively, there has been less incentive for studying them scientifically; why should one develop a theory, carry out systematic observations, or make predictions about the obvious? In any case, the field of human relations, with its vast literary documentation but meager scientific treatment, is in great contrast to the field of physics in which there are relatively few nonscientific books.

阅读理解I knew this woman who was afraid to tell people what she wanted

阅读理解Passage 3 Perhaps there are far more wives than I imagine who take it for granted that housework is neither satisfying nor even important once the basic demands of hygiene and feeding have been met

阅读理解Questions are based on the following passage

阅读理解The girls in this sixth grade class in East Palo Alto, California, all have the same access to computers as boys. But researchers say, by the time they get to high school, they are victims of what the researchers call a major new gender (性别) gap in technology. Janice Weinman of the American Association of University Women says, "Girls tend to be less comfortable than boys with the computer. They use it more for word processing rather than for problem solving, rather than to discover new ways in which to understand information." After re-examining a thousand studies, the American Association of University Women researchers found that girls make up only a small percentage of students in computer science classes. Girls consistently rate themselves significantly lower than boys in their ability and confidence in using computers. And they use computers less often than boys outside the classroom. An instructor of a computer lab says he''s already noticed some differences. Charles Cheadle of Cesar Chavez School says, "Boys are not so afraid they might do something that will harm the computer, whereas girls are afraid they might break it somehow." Six years ago, the software company Purple Moon noticed that girls'' computer usage was falling behind boys. Karen Gould says, "The number one reason girls told us they don''t like computer games is not that they''re too violent, or too competitive. Girls just said they''re incredibly boring." Purple Monn says it found what girls want, characters they can relate to and story lines relative to what''s going on in their own lives. Karen Gould of Purple Moon Software says, "What we definitely found from girls is that there is no intrinsic (固有的) reason why they wouldn''t want to play on a computer; it was just a content thing." The sponsor of the study says it all boils down to this: the technology gender gap that separates the girls from the boys must be closed if women are to compete effectively with men in the 21st century.

阅读理解The passage implies that it is easy to buy the following things in the country EXCEPT