单选题Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course which he attends gives him a credit which he may count towards a degree. In many American universities the total work for a degree consists of thirty six courses each lasting for one semester. A typical course consists of three classes per week for fifteen weeks; while attending a university a student will probably attend four or five courses during each semester. Normally a student would expect to take four years attending two semesters each year. It is possible to spread the period of work for the degree over a longer period. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a regular practice. For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded and available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually performed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating, has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does involve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.

单选题 Two decades ago only spies and systems administrators had to worry about passwords. But today you have to enter one even to do humdrum things like turning on your computer, downloading an album or buying a book online. No wonder many people use a single, simple password for everything. Analysis of password databases, often stolen from websites, shows that the most common choices include "password", "123456" and "abc123" . But using these, or any word that appears in a dictionary, is insecure. Even changing some letters to numbers ("e" to "3", "i" to "1" and so forth) does little to reduce the vulnerability of such passwords to an automated "dictionary attack", because these substitutions are so common. The fundamental probldm is that secure passwords tend to be hard to remember, and memorable passwords tend to be insecure. Weak passwords open the door to fraud, identity theft and breaches of privacy. An analysis by Verizon, an American telecoms firm, found that the biggest reason for successful security breaches was easily guessable passwords. Some viruses spread by trying common passwords. The solution, say security researchers, is to upgrade the software in people's heads, by teaching them to choose more secure passwords. One approach is to use passphrases containing unrelated words, such as "correct horse battery staple ", linked by a mental image. Passphrases are, on average, several orders of magnitude harder to crack than passwords. But a new study by researchers at the University of Cambridge finds that people tend to choose phrases made up not of unrelated words but of words that already occur together, such as "dead poets society" . Such phrases are vulnerable to a dictionary attack based on common phrases taken from the Internet. And many systems limit the length of passwords, making a long phrase impractical. An alternative approach, championed by Bruce Schneier, a security guru, is to turn a sentence into a password, taking the first letter of each word and substituting numbers and punctuation marks where possible. "Too much food and wine will make you sick" thus becomes "2mf&wwmUs" . This is no panacea: the danger with this "mnemonic password" approach is tbat people will use a proverb, or a line from a film or a song, as the starting point, whieh makes it vulnerable to attack. Some websites make an effort to enhanee seeurity by indicating how easily guessed a password is likely to be, rejecting weak passwords, ensuring that password databases are kept properly eoded and limiting the rate at which login attempts can be made. More should do so. But don' t rely on it happening. Instead, beef up your own security by upgrading your brain to use mnemonic passwords.

单选题All advertising is intended to ______ people to do some special things.

单选题Which of the following best fit the title of the passage?

单选题{{B}}D{{/B}} The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down(though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems, and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. Ever since the war, the Government has been carrying out a program of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle. For the past few years this program has had a great deal of success: Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university, a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south, and within a few years the whole northern city could be in ruins. The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north, however. With nearly 100 per cent employment, everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad. The real argument over oil industry is its effects on the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population, but they are an important part of it because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as real Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most against the oil industry because of the damage that it might cause to the sea and to the countryside and to the whole country. One Norwegian politician said last week, "We will soon be changed beyond all recognition. "

单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} The Greek's lofty attitude toward scientific research and the scientists' contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement. Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few--priests, nobles, and kings--concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in warmaking, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production. On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge aid experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved. The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship--a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow--products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively. For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn't shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn't modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder. With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it but the ingenuity wasn't forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.

单选题We support the view that poor management wilt ______ business failure.

单选题Being a bad-tempered man, he would not tolerate ______ his lectures interrupted as if he were some obscure candidate making an election speech. A. to have B. having C. to have had D. having had

单选题Nurse:______Can I help you? Caller: Hello.My Wife is Dr.Tutiler's patient, and she is not feeling well this morning. A. Dr.Tutiler' s office. B. This is Mary. C. Welcome to Dr.Tutiler' s office. D. Thank you for calling.

单选题Michael Jacksons family ______ a statement scotching the widespread rumors about the pop stars funeral. A．issued B．have issued C．has issued D．issue

单选题Are wine drinkers healthier than beer drinkers? If that is the case, it may have less to do with their choice of drink than with what they eat with it. A new study found that shoppers who bought wine in supermarkets were much more likely to buy healthy foods like olives and low-fat cheese than beer buyers, who were more in favour of things like chips. Studies have linked a moderate amount of alcohol use with better health, and this is especially true when it comes to wine, which has components that may help prevent cancer and cardiovascular (心 血管的) disease. Still, it is possible that whatever health benefits wine drinkers enjoy actually result from overall better diets, some studies have suggested. The problem for researchers has been getting an accurate reading on people's diets in general and alcohol use in particular. Those being surveyed often understate their alcohol use and overstate their consumption of healthy foods. So for this study, the researchers tracked the sale of wine and beer over a six-month period at 98 supermarkets, and then looked at what kinds of food the shoppers bought. One auther, Dr. Morten Gronbaek, said the researchers had expected to find differences in buying patterns, but not to the extent that they did. There are other reasons wine drinkers may be healthier than beer drinkers, the researchers said. Wine tends to be drunk with food, and in smaller amounts, they noted, possibly affecting how the body metabolizes (使新陈代谢) it. And wine drinkers tend to be better educated and better off financially than beer drinkers, factors that would also help account for their better health.

单选题Under normal conditions the act of communication requires the presence of at least two persons: one who sends and the other who receives the communication. In order to communicate thoughts and feelings, there must be a conventional system of signs and symbols which means the same to the sender and the receiver. The means of sending communications are too numerous and varied for systematic classification; therefore, the analysis must begin with the means of receiving communication. Reception of communication is achieved by our senses, of which sight, hearing and touch play the most important roles. Examples of visual communication are gesture and mimicry. Although both frequently accompany speech, there are systems that rely solely on sight, such as those used by deaf and dumb persons. Another means of communicating visually is by signals of fire, smoke, flags, or flashing lights. Feelings may be simply communicated by touch, such as by hand-stroking. Although a highly developed system of hand-stroking has enabled blind, deaf and dumb persons to communicate intelligently. Whistling to someone, applauding in a theatre, and other forms of communication by sound rely upon the ear as a receiver. The most fully developed form of auditory communication is, of course, the spoken language. The means of communication mentioned so far have two features in communication: they last only a short time, and the persons involved must be relatively close to each other. Therefore, all are restricted in time and space.

单选题If that is what he said, his reasoning must be Ufallacious/U.

单选题Will all those ______ the proposal raise their hands? A) in relation to B) in contrast to C) in excess of D) in favour of

单选题The United States is a country made up of many different races. Usually they are mixed together and can't be told from one another. But many of them still talk about where their ancestors came from. It is something they are proud of. The original Americans, of course were the Indians. The so-called white men who then came were mostly from England. But many came from other countries like Germany and France. One problem the United States has always had is discrimination. As new groups came to the United States they found they were discriminated against. First it was the Irish and Italians. Later it was the blacks. Almost every group has been able to finally escape this discrimination. The only immigrants who have not are the blacks. Surprisingly enough the worst discrimination today is shown towards the Indians. One reason the Indians are discriminated against is that they have tried so hard to keep their identity. Of course they are not the only ones who have done so. The Japanese have their Little Tokyo in Los Angeles and the Chinese a Chinatown in New York. The Dutch settlement in Pennsylvania also stays separate from other people. Their towns are like something from the 19th century. They have a different reason from the other groups for staying separately. They live separately for religious reasons rather than keep together in a racial group. Although some groups have kept themselves separate and others have been discriminated against, all groups have helped make the United States a great country. There is no group that has not helped in some way. And there is no group that can say they have done the most to make it a great country. Many people still come from other countries to help the United States grow. A good example is the American project that let a man walk on the moon. It was a scientist from Germany who was most responsible for doing that. It is certain that in the future the United States will still need the help of people from all racial groups to remain a great country.

单选题Mr. Smith ______ working till he was seventy years old. A. kept up B. kept on C. kept to D. kept out

单选题When a patient's blood pressure is (much) higher (than it) (should be), a doctor usually insists that he (will not) smoke.A. muchB. than itC. should beD. will not