单选题Although many people are ______ on going abroad, he prefers to stay in his own country.

单选题Question 21-25 are based on the following passage：

单选题Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A. However old she is, a women with some excellent qualities can still maintain her beauty. B. As a women grows old, her beauty will gradually disappear. C. Even a plainly dressed woman may have pure and real beauty. D. A women with a young mind never feels old.

单选题Jane has ______ won the respect of everyone in the field of dance both for the society and herself. A. deservedly B. exactly C. despicably D. diffusely

单选题Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication—having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected. The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional worded. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serous debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health. On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning (扫描) equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn"t remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer"s doctor didn"t agree. What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about. As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it"s best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it"s wise not to use your mobile phone too often.

单选题According to the passage thermal cameras ______.

单选题In the dimly lit cyber-café at Sciences-Po, hot-house of the French elite, no Gauloise smoke fills the air, no dog-eared copies of Sartre lie on the tables. French students are doing what all students do: surfing the web via Google. Now President Jacques Chirac wants to stop this American cultural invasion by setting up a rival French search-engine. The idea was prompted by Google's plan to put online millions of texts from American and British university libraries. If English books are threatening to swamp cyberspace, Mr Chirac will not stand idly by. He asked his culture minister, Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, and Jean-Noel Jeanneney, head of France's Bibliothèque Nationale, to do the same for French texts--and create a home-grown search-engine to browse them. Why not let Google do the job? Its French version is used for 74% of interuet searches in France. The answer is the vulgar criteria it uses to rank results. "I do not believe", wrote Mr Donnedieu de Vabres in Le Monde, "that the only key to access our culture should be the automatic ranking by popularity, which has been behind Google's success. " This is not the first time Google has met French resistance. A court has upheld a ruling against it, in a lawsuit brought by two firms that claimed its display of rival sponsored links (Google's chief source of revenues) constituted trademark counterfeiting. The French state news agency, Agence France-Presse, has also filed suit against Google for copyright infringement. Googlephobia is spreading. Mr Jeanneney has talked of the "risk of crushing domination by America in defining the view that future generations have of the world. " "I have nothing in particular against Google," he told L' Express, a magazine. "I simply note that this commercial company is the expression of the American system, in which the law of the market is king. " Advertising muscle and consumer demand should not triumph over good taste and cultural sophistication. The flaws in the French plan are obvious. If popularity cannot arbitrate, what will? Mr Jeanneney wants a "committee of experts". He appears to be serious, though the supply of French-speaking experts, or experts speaking any language for that matter, would seem to be insufficient. And if advertising is not to pay, will the taxpayer? The plan mirrors another of Mr Chirac's pet projects : a CNNà la franeaise. Over a year ago, stung by the power of English- speaking television news channels in the Iraq war, Mr Chirac promised to set up a French rival by the end of 2004. The project is bogged down by infighting. France's desire to combat English, on the web or the airwaves, is understandable. Protecting France's tongue from its citizens' inclination to adopt English words is an ancient hobby of the ruling elite. The Académie Francaise was set up in 1635 to that end. Linguists devise translations of cyber-terms, such as arrosage (spam) or bogue (bug). Laws limit the use of English on TV--" Super Nanny" and "Star Academy" are current pests--and impose translations of English slogans in advertising. Treating the invasion of English as a market failure that must be corrected by the state may look clumsy. In France it is just business as usual.

单选题It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity (多样化) is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate (公司的) leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative. They also say that the need for talented, skilled Americans means we have to expand the pool of potential employees. And in looking at where birth rates are growing and at where the population is shifting, corporate America understands that expanding the pool means promoting policies that help provide skills to more minorities, more women and more immigrants. Corporate leaders know that if that doesn't occur in our society, they will not have the engineers, the scientists, the lawyers, or the business managers they will need. Likewise, I don't hear people in the academy saying "Let's go backward. Let's go back to the good old days, when we had a meritocracy (不拘一格选人才)" (which was never true--we never had a meritocracy, although we've come closer to it in the last 30 years). I recently visited a great little college in New York where the campus has doubled its minority population in the last six years. I talked with an African American who has been a professor there for a long time, and she remembers that when she first joined the community, there were fewer than a handful of minorities on campus. Now, all of us feel the university is better because of the diversity. So where we hear this debate is primarily in political circles and in the media-- not in corporate board rooms or on college campuses.

单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} In 1998, consumers could purchase virtually anything over the Internet. Books, compact discs, and even stocks were available from World Wide Web sites that seemed to spring up almost daily. A few years earlier, some people had predicted that consumers accustomed to shopping in stores would be reluctant to buy things that they could not see or touch in person. For a growing number of time-starved consumers, however, shopping from their home computer was proved to be a convenient alternative to driving to the store. A research estimated that in 1998 US consumers would purchase $ 7.3 billion of goods over the Internet, double the 1997 total. Finding a bargain was getting easier owing to the rise of online auctions and Web sites that did comparison shopping on the Internet for the best deal. For all the consumer interest, retailing in cyberspace was still a largely unprofitable business, however. Internet pioneer Amazon.com, which began selling books in 1995 and later branched into recorded music and videos, posted revenue of $ 153.7 million in the third quarter, up from $ 37.9 million in the same period of 1997. overall, however, the company's loss widened to $ 45.2 million from $ 9.6 million, and analysis did not expect the company to turn a profit until 2001. Despite the great loss, Amazon.com had a stock market value of many billions, reflecting investors' optimism about the future of the industry. Internet retailing appealed to investors because it provided an efficient means for reaching millions of consumers without having the cost of operating conventional stores with their armies of salespeople. Selling online carried its own risks, however. With so many companies competing for consumers' attention, price competition was intense and profit margins thin or nonexistent. One video retailer sold the hit movie Titanic for $ 9.99, undercutting (削价) the $ 19.99 suggested retail price and losing about $ 6 on each copy sold. With Internet retailing still in its initial stage, companies seemed willing to absorb such losses in an attempt to establish a dominant market position.

单选题Man: Ken and Sandra hope to sell their house for $ 3 million. Women: Yeah, they always think big. Question: What does the women think of Ken and Sandra's plan?

单选题He cannot see anything without his glasses, so he made a ______ of remembering to get them fixed before he went to work, A. chore B. success C. point D. mess

单选题

单选题It was with great effort that the_______between the two families was finally arranged.

单选题 The Early History of Computers 计算机史 One of the first occurrences of computer technology occurred in the USA in the 1880s. It was due to the American Constitution demanding that a survey be undertaken every 10 years[1]. As the population in the USA increased, it took an increasing amount of time to produce the statistics. By the 1880s, it looked likely that the 1880 survey would not be complete until 1890. To overcome this, Herman Hollerith[2] (who worked for the Government) devised a machine which accepted punch cards with information on them. These cards allowed a current to pass through a hole when there was a hole present. Holleriths electromechanical machine was extremely successful and used in the 1890 and 1900 Censuses. He even founded the company that would later become International Business Machines (IBM)[3]: CTR (Computer Tabulating Recording). Unfortunately, Holleriths business fell into financial difficulties and was saved by a young salesman at CTR, named Tom Watson, who recognized the potential of selling punch card-based calculating machines to American business. He eventually took over the company, and, in the 1920s, he renamed it International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). After this, electromechanical machines were speeded up and improveＤ. Electromechanical computers would soon lead to electronic computers, using valves. The first electronic computers were developed, independently, in 1943; these were the Harvard Mk I and Colossus[4]. Colossus was developed in the UK and was used to crack the German coding system whereas Harvard Mk I was developed at Harvard University and was a general-purpose electromechanical programmable computer. These led to the first generation of computers which used electronic valves and used punched cards for their main, non-volatile storage[5]. The worlds first large electronic computer(1946), containing 19000 values, was built at the University of Pennsylvania by John Eckert during World War Ⅱ. It was called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)[6] and it ceased operation in 1957. By todays standards, it was a lumbering dinosaur and by the time it was dismantled it weighed over 30 tons and spread itself over 1500 square feet. Amazingly, it also consumed over 25 kw of electrical power but could perform over 100000 calculations per second (which is reasonable, even by todays standards). Unfortunately, it was unreliable, and would only work for a few hours on average, before a valve needed to be replaceＤ. Faultfinding, though, was easier in those days, as a valve, which was working, would not glow, and would be cold to touch. Valves were fine and were used in many applications, such as in TV sets and radios, but they were unreliable and consumed great amounts of electrical power, mainly to the heating element on the cathode[7]. By the 1940s, several scientists at the Bell Laboratories[8] were investigating materials called semiconductors, such as silicon and germanium. These substances only conducted electricity moderately well, but when they were doped with impurities their resistance changeＤ. From this work, they made a crystal called a diode, which worked like a valve, but had many advantages, including the fact that it did not require a vacuum and was much smaller. It also worked well at room temperatures, required little electrical current and had no warm-up time. This was the start of microelectronics. One of the great revolutions of all time occurred on December 1948 when William Shockley, Waiter Brattain, and John Bardeen at the Bell Labs produced a transistor that could act as a triode. It was made from a germanium crystal with a thin p-type section sandwiched between two n-type materials. Rather than release its details to the world, Bell Laboratories kept its invention secret for over seven months so that they could fully understand its operation. They soon applied for a patent for the transistor and, on 30 June 1948, they finally revealed the transistor to the world[9]. Unfortunately, as with many other great inventions, it received little public attention and even less press coverage (the New York Times gave it 41/2 inches on page 46). It must be said that few men have made such a profound change on the world, and Shockley, Brattain, and Bardeen were deservedly awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956. In 1959, Fairchild Semiconductor[10] filed for a patent for the planar process of manufacturing transistors. This process made commercial production of transistors possible and led to Fairchild s introduction, in two years. of the first commercial integrated circuit[11]. Within a few years, transistors were small enough to make hearing aids that fit into the ear, and soon within pacemakers. Companies, such as Sony, started to make transistors operate over higher frequencies and within larger temperature ranges. Eventually, they became so small that many of them could be placed on a single piece of silicon. These were referred to as microchips and they stared the microelectronics industry. The first two companies who developed the integrated circuit, were Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor. At Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce constructed an integrated circuit with components connected by aluminium lines on a silicon-oxide surface layer on a plane of silicon. He then went on to lead one of the most innovative companies in the world, the Intel Corporation. In the same year, IBM built the first commercial transistorized computer named the IBM 7090/7094 series, which dominated the computer market for many years. In 1960, in New York, IBM went on to develop the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors. In 1963, the Digital Equipment Company (DEC)[12] sold their first minicomputer, to Atomic Energy of Canada DEC would become the main competitor to IBM, but eventually failed as they dismissed the growth in the personal computer market. The second generation of computers started in 1961 when the great innovator, Fairchild Semiconductor, released the first commercial integrated circuit. In the next two years, significant advances were made in the interfaces to computer systems. The first was by Teletype, who produced the Model 33 keyboard and punched-tape terminal. It was a classic design and was on many of the available systems. The other advance was by Douglas Engelbart, who received a patent for the mouse-pointing device for computers. The production of transistors increased, and each year brought a significant decrease in their size. Gordon Moore, in 1964, plotted the growth in the number of transistors that could fit into a single microchip[13], and found that the number of transistors that can be fit into an integrated circuit approximately doubled every 18 months. This is now known as Moores law[14], and has been surprisingly accurate ever since. In 1964, Texas Instruments also received a patent for the integrated circuit. The third generation of computer started in 1965 with the use of integrated circuits rather than discrete transistors. IBM, again, was innovative and created the System/ 360[15] mainframe. In the course of history, it was a true classic computer. Then, in 1970 IBM introduced the System/370, which included semiconductor memories. All of the computers were very expensive (approx. ＄1,000,000), and were the great computing workhorses of the time. Most companies had to lease their computer systems, as they could not afford to purchase them. As IBM happily clung to their mainframe market, several new companies were working away to erode their share. DEC would be the first, with their minicomputer, but it would be the PC companies of the future who would finally overtake them. The beginning of their loss of market share can be traced to the development of the microprocessor, and to one company: Intel. In 1967, though, IBM again showed their leadership in the computer industry by developing the first floppy disk. The growing electronics industry started to entice new companies to specialize to key areas, such as International Research who applied for a patent for a method of constructing double-sided magnetic tape utilizing a Mumetal foil inter layer[16]. In 1968, Douglas Ｃ. Engelbart, of the Standford Research Institute, demonstrated the concept of computer systems using a keypad, a mouse, and windows at the Joint Computer Conference in San Franciscos Civic Center. He also demonstrated the use of a word processor, a hypertext[17] system, and remote collaboration. His keyboard, mouse, and windows concept has since become the standard user interface to computer systems. In 1969, Hewlett-Packard branched into the world of digital electronics with the worlds desktop scientific calculator: the HP 9100Ａ.At the time, the electronics industry was producing cheap pocket calculators, which led to the development of affordable computers, when the Japanese company, Busicom, commissioned Intel to produce a set of between 8 and 12 ICs for a calculator. Then instead of designing a complete set of ICs, Ted Hoff, at Intel, designed an integrated circuit chip that could receive instructions, and perform simple integrated functions on datＡ. The design became the 4004 microprocessor. Intel produced a set of ICs, which could be programmed to perform different tasks. These were the first ever microprocessors and soon Intel produced a general-purpose 4-bit microprocessor, named the 4004. The 4004 caused a revolution in the electronics industry as previous electronic systems had a fixed functionality. With this processor, the functionality could be programmed by software. Amazingly, by todays standards, it could only handle 4 bits of data at a time (a nibble) , contained 2000 transistors, had 46 instructions and allowed 4KB of program code and I KB of datＡ. From this humble start, the PC has since evolved using Intel microprocessors. Intel had previously been an innovative company, and had produced the first memory device (static RAM, which uses six transistors for each bit stored in memory), the first DRAM (dynamic memory, which uses only one transistor for each bit stored in memory) and the first EPROM (which allows data to be device, which is then permanently stored). In 1974, Intel was a truly innovative company, and was the first to develop an 8-bit microprocessor. These devices could handle 8 bits (a byte) of data at a time. These were much more powerful than the previous 4-bit devices and were used in many early microcomputers and in applications such as electronic instruments and printers. The 8008 had a 14-bit address bus and could thus address up to 16KB of memory, and the 8080 and 8085 had 16-bit address buses, giving them limit of 64KＢ. At the time, Intels main product area was memory, and microprocessors seemed like a good way of increasing sales for other product lines, especially memory. Excited by the new 8-bit microprocessors, two kids from a private high school, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, rushed out to buy the new 8008 device. This they believed would be the beginning of the end of the large, and expensive, mainframes (such as the IBM range) and minicomputers. They bought the proceessors for the high price of ＄360 (possibly, a joke at the expense of the IBM System/360 mainframe), but even they could not make it support BASIC programming. Instead, they formed the Traf-O-Data company and used the 8008 to analyze tickertape read-outs of cars passing in a street. The company would close down in the following year (1973) after it had made ＄ 20000, but from this enterprising start, one of the leading computer companies in the world would grow: Micro-soft. In 1975, Micro-soft (as it was known before the hyphen was dropped) realized the potential of BASIC for the newly developed 8-bit computer and used it to produce the first programming language for the PＣ. Their first product was BASIC for the Altair, and licensed it to MITS, their first customer. The MITS, Altair 8800 was a truly innovative system and sold for ＄375 and had I KB memory. Soon Microsoft BASIC 2.0, for the Altair 8800, was available in 4K and 8K editions. The Altair was an instant successl and MITS began to work on a Motorola 6800-based system. Even its bus became a standard: the S100 bus. The third generation of microprocessors began, in June 1976, with the launch of the 16-bit processors, and it was on May 1978 that Intel released the 8086 microprocessor. This processor was mainly an extension to the original 8080 processor and thus retained a degree of software compatibility. 1985 was the year that Microsoft released their first version of Windows, at a price of ＄100. It was hardly starting, and would take another two versions before it completely dominated the market. It could not multitask, and still used DOS. Another major failing was that it did not use the full capabilities of the new 32-bit processor(80386) or the enhanced 16-bit processor(80286), and could thus only access up I MB of memory. Microsoft had over the past few years initiated many new products for both the IBM PC, and the Apple Macintosh. In 1985, they consolidated their market with new versions of the successful software, such as MS-DOS 3. 2 and Microsoft Word 3. 0. In MS-DOS 3. 2, support was added for 3. 5-inch 720 KB floppy disk drives (these disks were much more reliable than the older, floppy, 5-inch floppy disk, as they had a hard case to protect them). The initial investment of time, and energy, for those involved in Microsoft was rewarded when, for the first time, Microsoft sold its shares to publiＣ. When floated, each share was worth ＄ 21, which raised ＄ 61 million for Microsoft, and made Bill Gates the worlds youngest billionaire. Notes [1]．．．American Constitution demanding that a survey be undertaken every 10 years． ……美国宪法要求每10年进行一次调查。一般情况下demand引起的宾语从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气should do结构，should常可省略。如： (1)Our boss demanded that all the staff members should come to work before 8:00． (2)The teacher demanded that every student hand in the homework in time． [2]Herman Hollerith(1860-1929赫尔曼·哈雷里斯)，美国科学家。他开发了卡片制表系统，这一系统被认为是现代计算机的雏形。他于1896年成立了制表机器公司(Tabulating Machine Company)。1911年，哈雷里斯的制表机器公司合并了另外一家公司，组成了计算机制表公司。1924年，在Thomas Watson的领导下，公司更名为国际商业机器公司(IBM)。哈雷里斯至今仍被认为是信息处理之父。 [3]International Business Machines Corporation(IBM)(美国)国际商用机器公司 [4]Harvard MK I哈佛大学20世纪20年代末40年代初设计的机电计算机 [5]．．． non-volatile storage：(不变)非易失性存储器 [6] ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)电子数字积分计算机(第一台通用电子数字计算机的名字) [7]．．．mainly to the heating element on the cathode：主要是由于阴极射线管上的发热电极 [8]Bell Laboratories: Bell Laboratories贝尔实验室，世界上公认的最大工业实验室，为ATT和Western Electric两家公司所共有．1948年它产生了晶体管，它的成就还包括太阳能电池及第一颗通信卫星(tester)等。 [9]They soon applied for a patent for the transistor and, on 30 June 1948, they finally revealed the transistor to the world． 他们很快申请了晶体管的发明专利，并且在1948年6月30号最终向全世界公布了晶体管。 [10]FairChild(美国)仙童半导体公司 [11]integrated circuit集成电路，常简写成IC [12]the Digital Equipment Company (DEC)(美国)数字设备公司 [13]could be fitted ontoa single microchip． 可以安在一个单芯片上。 [14]This is now known as Moores law． 这就是现在人们熟知的摩尔定律。 [15]the System/360: IBM360计算机系统 [16]Mumetal foil inter layer:钼铁铜锰合金箔夹层。 [17]hypertext: 超级文本，一系列逻辑上互相联结的数据库，一个数据库内的信息和另一个数据库内的信息能够在逻辑上交叉链接 Choose the best answer:

单选题Which of the following is transparent?

单选题Avian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus. The disease, which was first identified in Italy more than 100 years ago, occurs worldwide.All birds are thought to be susceptible to infection with avian influenza, though some species are more resistant to infection than others. Infection causes a wide spectrum of symptoms in birds, ranging from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease resulting in severe epidemics. The latter is known as "highly pathogenic avian influenza". This form is characterized by sudden onset, severe illness, and rapid death, with a mortality that can approach 100%. Fifteen subtypes of influenza virus are known to infect birds, thus providing an extensive reservoir of influenza viruses potentially circulating in bird population. To date, all outbreaks of the highly pathogenic form have been caused by influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7. Migratory waterfowl—most notably wild ducks—are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses, and these birds are also the most resistant to infection. Domestic poultry, including chickens and turkeys, are particularly susceptible to epidemics of rapidly fatal influenza. Direct or indirect contact of domestic flocks with wild migratory waterfowl has been implicated as a frequent cause of epidemics. Live bird markets have also played an important role in the spread of epidemics. Recent research has shown that viruses of low pathogenicity can, after circulation for sometimes short periods in a poultry population, mutate into highly pathogenic viruses. During a 1983-1984 epidemic in the United States of America, the H5N2 virus initially caused low mortality, but within six months became highly pathogenic, with a mortality approaching 90%. Control of the outbreak required destruction of more than 17 million birds at a cost of nearly US $65 million. During a 1999-2001 epidemic in Italy, the H7N1 virus, initially of low pathogenicity, mutated within 9 months to a highly pathogenic form. More than 13 million birds died or were destroyed. The quarantining of infected farms and destruction of infected or potentially exposed flocks are standard control measures aimed at preventing spread to other farms and eventual establishment of the virus in a country's poultry population. Apart from being highly contagious, avian influenza viruses are readily transmitted from farm to farm by mechanical means, such as by contaminated equipment, vehicles, feed, cages, or clothing. Highly pathogenic viruses can survive for long periods in the environment, especially when temperatures are low. Stringent sanitary measures on farms can, however, confer some degree of protection. In the absence of prompt control measures backed by good surveillance, epidemics can last for years. For example, an epidemic of H5N2 avian influenza, which began in Mexico in 1992, started with low pathogenicity, evolved to the highly fatal form, and was not controlled until 1995.

单选题Everything depends on ______ we get a raise in our salary.

单选题Passage 4 It didn't happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries. Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution. Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences. Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pollutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors. For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undernourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death often follows. Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.

单选题For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called "Ask Marilyn." People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What"s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It"s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers. Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields? The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children"s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like Vos Savant"s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests. Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Steinberg. In his article "How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?" Steinberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership-that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it knows when to guess or what questions to skip.