单选题At the fall 2001 Social Science History Association convention in Chicago, the Crime and Justice network sponsored a forum on the history of gun ownership, gun use, and gun violence in the United States. Our purpose was to consider how social science history might contribute to the public debate over gun control and gun rights. To date, we have had little impact on that debate. It has been dominated by mainstream social scientists and historians, especially scholars such as Gary Kleck, John Lott, and Michael Bellesiles, whose work, despite profound flaws, is politically congenial to either opponents or proponents of gun control. Kleck and Mark Gertz, for instance, argue on the basis of their widely cited survey that gun owners prevent numerous crimes each year in the Untied States by using firearms to defend themselves and their property. If their survey respondents are to be believed, American gun owners shot 100,000 criminals in 1994 in self-defense—a preposterous number. Lott claims on the basis of his statistical analysis of recent crime rates that laws allowing private individuals to carry concealed firearms to deter murders, rapes, and robberies, because criminals are afraid to attack potentially armed victims. However, he biases his results by confining his analysis to the year between 1977 and 1992, when violent crime rates had peaked and varied little from year to year. He reports only regression models that support his thesis and neglects to mention that each of those models find a positive relationship between violent crime and real income, and inverse relationship between violent crime and unemployment. Contrary to Kleck and Lott, Bellesiles insists that guns and America"s " gun culture" are responsible for America"s high rate of murder. In Belleville"s opinion, relatively few Americans owned guns before the 1850s or know how to use, maintain, or repair them. As a result, he says, guns contributed little to the homicide rate, especially among Whites, which was low everywhere, even in the South and on the frontier, where historians once assumed gun and murder went hand in hand. According to Bellesiles, these patterns changed dramatically after the Mexican War and especially after the Civil War, when gun ownership became widespread and cultural changes encouraged the use of handguns to command respect and resolve personal and political disputes. The result was an unprecedented wave of gun-related homicides that never truly abated. To this day, the United States has the highest homicide rate of any industrial democracy. Bellesile"s low estimates of gun ownership in early America conflict, however, with those of every historian who has previously studied the subject and has thus far proven irreproducible. Every homicide statistic he presents is either misleading or wrong. Given the influence of Kleck, Lott, Bellesiles and other partisan scholars on the debate over gun control and gun rights, we felt a need to pull together what social science historians have learned to date about the history of gun ownership and gun violence in America, and to consider what research methods and projects might increase our knowledge in the near future.

单选题"Cool" is a word with many meanings. Its traditional meaning is used to 1 a temperature that is fairly cold. As the world has 2 , however, the word has expanded to 3 many different things. "Cool" can be used to express feelings of 4 in almost anything. When you see a brand-name car in the street, maybe you can"t help 5 "It"s cool" You might think "He"s so cool," when you see your 6 footballer. We all enlarge the meaning of "cool". You can use it 7 many words such as "new" or "amazing". Here"s an interesting story 8 illustrate the usage of the word: A teacher asked her students to 9 the waterfall they had visited. On one student"s paper was just the one 10 , "It"s so cool." Perhaps he thought it was 11 to describe 12 he saw and 13 he felt. 14 the story also proves the shortage of words and expressions. 15 "cool", some people have no words to express the same meaning. So it is 16 to improve our word strength to maintain some 17 . As a popular word, "cool" stands for a kind of special 18 that people can accept easily. Excepting "cool", can you think of any other words that 19 your life as colorful? 1 can. And I think they are also very 20 .

单选题It was requested that the President ______ the students a performance at the New Year's party.

单选题Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of " reference".（北二外2005研)

单选题It was 1985, and Rafe Esquith was beginning his third year of teaching in Los Angeles public schools. He faced a class of 40 sixth-graders from low-income homes where English rarely was spoken, and the best reader among them was two years below grade level. So, what the beck, he decided to teach them Shakespeare. Five families agreed to let their children play "Macbeth" for two hours after school. This proved to be so much fun that, within weeks, Esquith had 28 kids happily soaking up the drama of blood and betrayal in medieval Scotland. They were learning many words they had never heard before. But when Esquith asked a school district supervisor for official approval, he received this note: " Mr. Esquith, it is not appropriate that you stay after school to teach Shakespeare. It would be better if you did something with the children that is academic. " It would not be the last time that the narrow thinking of bigcity school administration got in Esquith's way. Yet the bearded, 6-foot-tall cyclone has proved that a teacher who thinks very big— much harder lessons, larger projects, extra class time—can help disadvantaged children in ways most educators never imagine. This was difficult at first, until he stumbled upon a concept of teaching that is at the core of his success. American children, even those from hardworking immigrant cultures, have in Esquith's view been wrongly taught that learning should always be fun, by teachers who think hard lessons are bad for kids from low-income homes. When faced with something difficult, such 'students don't know what to do. The Declaration of Independence says Americans are entitled to the pursuit of happiness, but the emphasis in public schooling has been on the happiness, he believes. "What happened to pursuit?" Esquith said. So he has created an entirely new universe in his classroom, cherishing effort and the slogan, "There Are No Shortcuts". As for their own dramatic performances, Esquith got around the original ban on his after-school "Macbeth" rehearsals by switching to Thornton Wilder's " Our Town. " When that class finally performed the Shakespeare play, a school district supervisor showed up. The high-ranking district administrator came up afterward and shook his hand. "Rare," she said, " I've never seen Shakespeare done better. /

单选题The Prime Minister denied that the president ______ any information about the transfer and transaction of the nuclear weapons in North Korea.

单选题Customer: I' d like to send this gift to a friend in Italy. Clerk :______ A. Have you got anything to declare? B. How nice ! C. I' m pleased to service you. D. Could you fill out this form?

单选题We agreed to pay for the car in five______.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Tom Burke recently tried to print out a boarding pass from home before one of the frequent flights he takes. He couldn't. His name, or one similar to it, is now on one of the Transportation Security Administration's terrorist watch lists. Every day, thousands of people like Burke find themselves unable to do things like print a boarding pass and are pulled aside for extensive screening because their name, or a name that sounds like theirs, is on one of the watch lists. From the TSA's perspective, the screening is just one of the many new layers of increased security that are designed to prevent terrorist activity. The inconvenience is regrettable, but a price that society has to pay for security. And for national security reasons, the FBI and other government agencies responsible for supplying names to the lists will not disclose the criteria they use. They say that would amount to tipping their hands to the terrorists. But civil libertarians are more concerned about the long-term consequence of the current lists. On Sept. 11,2001, the no-fly list contained 16 names. Now, the combined lists are estimated to have as many as 20,000. Internal FBI memos from agents referred to the process as "really confused" and "not comprehensive and not centralized. Burke and others contend that such comments are disturbing, because it was during the first year after the attacks that the watch lists grew exponentially. "The underlying danger is not that Tom Burke can no longer get a boarding pass to get on an airline," says a lawyer. "It's that the Tom Burkes in the world may forever more be associated (with the terrorist watch list)." Burke says they do know that the lists are frequent[y updated and distributed internationally, but they don't know how the old lists are destroyed. They also hope to ensure that sometime in the future a person whose name is on the list, but is not a terrorist, does not run into further trouble if, say, law enforcement in another country that they're visiting comes across their name on one of the old lists. In addition, airlines are concerned that the lists are not updated frequently enough. "We've been encouraging the TSA to work with all of the other federal law-enforcement agencies to get a regular review of the names that they submit to TSA, because there have been reports that these agencies have said that if there was a review, many of the names could be removed," says Diana Cronin of the Air Transport Association.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Even their parents struggle to draw the tiniest hint of emotion or social connection from autistic(患孤独症的) children, so imagine what happens when a stranger sits with the child for hours to get through the standard IQ test. For 10 of the test's 12 sections, the child must listen and respond to spoken questions. Since for many autistics it is torture to try to engage with someone even on this impersonal level, it's no wonder so many wind up with IQ scores just above a carrot's. More precisely, fully three quarters of autistics are classified as having below-normal intelligence, with many deemed mentally retarded. Researchers have tried a different IQ test, one that requires no social interaction. As they report in the journal Psychological Science, autistic children's scores came out starkly different than on the oral, interactive IQ test — suggesting a burning intelligence inside these kids that educators are failing to uncover. For the study, children took two IQ tests. In the more widely used Wechsler, they tried to arrange and complete pictures, do simple arithmetic, demonstrate vocabulary comprehension and answer questions— almost all in response to a stranger's questions. In the Raven's Progressive Matrices test, they got brief instructions, then went off on their own to analyze three-by-three arrays of geometric designs, with one missing, and choose the design that belonged in the empty place. The disparity in scores was striking. Overall, the autistics scored around the 30th percentile on the Wechsler, which corresponds to "low average" IQ. But they averaged in the 56th percentile on the Raven's. not a single autistic child scored in the "high intelligence" range on the Wechsler; on the Raven's, one third did. Healthy children showed no such disparity. That presents a puzzle. If many autistics arc more intelligent than an IQ test shows, why haven't their parents noticed? Partly because many parents welcome a low score, which brings their child more special services from schools and public agencies. But another force is at work. "We often think of intelligence as what you can show, such as by speaking fluently," says a psychologist. "Parents as well as professionals might be biased to look at that" rather than dig for the hidden intellectual spark. The challenge is to coax that spark into the kind of intelligence that manifests itself in practice. That is something autism researchers are far from doing. Many experts dismiss autistics' exceptional reading, artistic or other abilities as side effects of abnormal brain function. They advise parents to steer their child away from what he excels at and obsesses over, and toward what he struggles with. It makes you wonder how many other children, whose intellectual potential we're too blind to see, we've also given up on.

单选题Hobsion theory states that through unchecked proliferation of the human species, in twenty years the world"s population will have out, own the total food supply.

单选题Motorola Inc., the world's second-largest mobile phone maker, will begin selling all of the technology needed to build 'a basic mobile phone to outside manufacturers, in a key change of strategy. The inventor of the cell phone, which has been troubled by missteps compounded by a recent industry slump in sales, is trying to become a neutral provider of mobile technology to rivals, with an eye toward fostering a much larger market than it could create itself. The Chicago area-based company, considered to have the widest range of technologies needed to build a phone, said it planned to make available chips, a design layout for the computer board, software, development tools and testing tools. Motorola has previously supplied mobile phone manufacturers with a couple of its chips, but this is the first time the company will offer its entire line of chips as well as a detailed blueprint. Mobile phones contain a variety of chips and components to control power, sound and amplification. Analysts said they liked the new strategy but were cautious about whether Motorola's mobile phone competitors would want to buy the technology from a rival. The company, long known for its top-notch (等级) engineering culture, is hoping to profit from its mobile phone technology now that the basic technology to build a mobile phone has largely become a commodity. Motorola said it will begin offering the technology based on the next-generation GPRS (Global Packet Radio Service) standard because most mobile phone makers already have technology in place for current digital phones. GPRS offers faster access to data through "always on" network connections, and customers are charged only for the information they retrieve, rather than the length of download. Burgess said the new business will not conflict with Motorola's own mobile phone business because the latter will remain competitive by offering advanced features and designs. Motorola's phones have been criticized as being too complicated and expensive to manufacture, but Burgess said Motorola will simplify the technology in the phones by a third. In addition to basic technology, Burgess said, Motorola would also offer additional features such as Bluetooth, a technology that allows wireless communications at a short distance, and Global Positioning System, which tracks the user's whereabouts, and MP3 audio capability.

单选题You can find a tower at ______ ends of the bridge. A．both B．all C．each D．either

单选题X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make ______ details that are otherwise impossible to observe.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choice the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are able to {{U}}(21) {{/U}}, to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, {{U}}(22) {{/U}} world is an insecure world. We do not like extensive insecurity. When it {{U}}(23) {{/U}} to human behavior we infer meaning and {{U}}(24) {{/U}} to make the behavior understandable. {{U}} (25) {{/U}} all this means is that people develop "quasi theories" of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in a(an) {{U}}(26) {{/U}}, scientific manner. When doing so, people believe they know {{U}}(27) {{/U}} humans do the things they do. Let's consider an example. In the United States people have been {{U}}(28) {{/U}} with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be victims. But it {{U}}(29) {{/U}} bothers us that people behave in such ways. Why can such things happen? We develop quasi theories. We {{U}}(30) {{/U}} concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we {{U}}(31) {{/U}} it: our criminal justice system is {{U}}(32) {{/U}}; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values weaken {{U}}(33) {{/U}} the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are {{U}}(34) {{/U}} drugs. These explanations suggest possible solutions. {{U}}(35) {{/U}} the courts; put more people in jail as examples to other lawbreaker. There is now hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we {{U}}(36) {{/U}} these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor {{U}}(37) {{/U}} so threatening. These quasi theories {{U}}(38) {{/U}} serve a very important function for us. But how accurate are they? How {{U}}(39) {{/U}} will the suggested solutions be? These questions must be answered with {{U}}(40) {{/U}} to how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.

单选题Her parents give Cindy everything she asks for, and as a result, she's very ______.

单选题The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time.【C1】______these wide modern roads are generally【C2】______and well maintained. With【C3】______sharp curves(弯道)and many【C4】______sections, a direct route is not always【C5】______enjoyable one. Large highways often pass【C6】______scenic areas and interesting small towns. Furthermore, these highways generally【C7】______large urban centers, which means that they become crowded with【C8】______traffic during rush hours, when the "fast, direct" way becomes a very【C9】______route. However, there【C10】______almost always another route to take【C11】______you are not in a hurry. Not far【C12】______the relatively new "superhighways" , there are often older,【C13】______heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside.【C14】______of these are good two-lane(双车道)roads; others are uneven roads curving through the country. These secondary routes may【C15】______steep slopes(陡坡), along high cliffs, or down frightening hillsides to towns【C16】______in deep valleys. Through these less direct【C17】______, longer and slower, they generally go to places【C18】______the air is clean and the scenery is beautiful, and the driver may have a【C19】______to get a fresh, clean【C20】______of the world.