单选题For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies and other creatures learn to de things because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights-and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result. For instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would "smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.

单选题Joan didn't go to the party last night because she ______the baby for her sister until 9: 30.

单选题The functions of language do NOT include ______. A. informative function B. interpersonal function C. metacognitive function

单选题Rarely ______ such a silly thing. A．have I heard of B．I heard of C．I have heard of D．have I been heard of

单选题It can be inferred that Richard ll's reign was ______.

单选题The structured-inquiry process can be useful for

单选题As far as I am concerned，education is about learning and the more you learn，______．A．the more for life are you equippedB．the more equipped for life you areC．the more life you are equipped forD．you are equipped the more for life

单选题This liquid is highly______; it should be kept in a tightly stopped bottle.

单选题A. chemistB. checkC. childrenD. chicken

单选题Bob: She is a great teacher! John: You can say that again! Question: What does John mean?

单选题He was brought to consciousness when the doctor had_____artificial respiration.

单选题To ______ their new shampoo, they are selling it at half price for a month.

单选题The phrase "On the downside" (Line 3, Paragraph 4) denotes

单选题One suggested method of containing the fires was presented by Cary Colaizzi of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a heat-resistant grout(a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices), which is designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off the oxygen supply.(中国社会科学院2006年试题)

单选题Sandy could do nothing but ______ to his teacher that he was wrong． A．admit B．admitted C．admitting D．to admit

单选题The government has made great effort to

单选题New Year"s Eve requires the ultimate party outfit. But what if your holiday spending has burned holes in your pockets? The answer might be to rent a little luxury. The renting business has begun to lose the image of an industry filled with designer tuxedos, Halloween costumes or out-of-date evening wear. Still largely an industry dedicated to special-event clothing (dinners, corporate parties, weddings), it has started to branch out into more casual clothing. And for those not afraid to shop around, it has become an option for dressing up on a budget . For the price of rentals (￡150, or $260, for a four-day period) , the only things available in most department stores are dresses that look as if they are late for the party." Working women have sophisticated tastes, but buying an evening dress is a very expensive proposition, and most people don"t want to wear the same dress more than once," says Doniger. But what has brought on this recent change in perception on renting luxury? Unexpectedly, the transformation has been helped along by a change in corporate policy by many top businesses. For years businessmen all over the world have gotten a clothing allowance from their companies to rent a tuxedo or other luxury items they need for an event. But while any company looking at the bottom line is not going to pay for a female employee to buy a new evening dress, they are now more willing to help pay for renting one. "In the last five years a lot of businesses have started to pay for some if not all of a rental. They will pay, say, ￡80 or ￡90 of the cost and let the women top off the rest themselves," says Doniger. But renting luxury fashion is not limited to clothing. Having the latest must-have designer handbag is the fastest way for a woman to communicate her fashion savvy and display her luxury status. The rental stores can give the everyday woman a chance to wear the latest designer bag and feel like a million bucks without having to spend it.

单选题 There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developedis unknown. They probably came about just to five children something to do. In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girlswith another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play afterthe activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys andgirls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adultworld. What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the cen-turies but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms ofcraftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their de-velopment in all part of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt,the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic (北极的) peoples, generally the samekinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitatetheir surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animalsand vehicles. Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject totechnological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to theoxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent (进步) .The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓)used by a baby in 3000 B. C. to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized byinventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limita-tions of available materials.

单选题How men first learnt to invent words is unknown; in other words, the origin of language is mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain sounds to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, so that they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed upon certain signs, called letters, which could be combined to represent those sounds, and which could be written down. Those sounds, whether spoken or written in letters, we call words. The power of words, then, lies in their associations—the things they bring up before our minds. Words become filled with meaning for us by experience; and the longer we live, the more certain words recall to us the glad and sad events of our past; and the more we read and learn, the more the number of words that mean something to us increases. Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal powerfully to our minds and emotions. This charming use of words is what we call literary style. Above all, the real poet is a master of words. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which by their position and association can move men to tears. We should therefore learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and dull.