填空题Joseph Conrad is one of the pioneers of English modernist literature. The words "The horror! The horror!" in his short story ______ is deemed as Conrad"s indictment of human corruption caused by insatiable greed.

填空题Translate the following passages into English and write your translation on the answer sheet． 古之人，其才非有以大过今之人也，其平居所以自养而不敢轻用以待其成者，闵闵焉如婴儿之望长也。弱者养之以至于刚，虚者养之以至于充。三十而后仕，五十而后爵，信于久屈之中，而用于至足之后；流于既溢之余，而发于持满之末，此古之人所以大过人，而今之君子所以不及也。吾少也有志于学，不幸而早得与吾子同年，吾子之得亦不可谓不早也。吾今虽欲自以为不足，而众且妄推之矣。呜呼!吾子其去此而务学也哉。博观而约取，厚积而薄发，吾告子止于此矣。

填空题 Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. (41) ______ American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan helped found modern anthropology—the scientific study of human societies, customs and beliefs—thus becoming one of the earliest anthropologists. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies. (42) ______ In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. (43) ______ Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. (44) ______ Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. (45) ______ Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.A. Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.B. In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, he became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.C. He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the "survival of the fittest," in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies,D. They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people's social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children's entrance into adulthood.E. Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.F. Supporters of the theory viewed culture as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.G. For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.

填空题 Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Every morning at 11 o’clock, a bright car drove through Central Park in New York City. Inside the car (1)（ ） a driver and his boss, a well-known millionaire. Each morning the millionaire (2)（ ） a poorly-dressed man (3)（ ） on a park bench. The man always sat (4)（ ） staring at the hotel in (5)（ ） the rich man lived. (6)（ ） day the millionaire was so (7)（ ） about the man that he asked his driver to stop the car and he walked to the bench. He said to the poor man, “Excuse me, (8)（ ） I just have to know why you sit here staring at my hotel every morning.” “Sir”, said the poor man, “I’m a (9)（ ）. I have no job, no family, and no home. I sleep on this bench, and every night I (10)（ ） that one day I will sleep in that hotel.” The rich man had an (11)（ ）. He said to the poor man, “Tonight your dream will come (12)（ ）. I’ll (13)（ ） for the best room in that hotel for you for a(n) (14)（ ）.” The millionaire smiled and felt (15)（ ） with himself. A (16)（ ） days later, the millionaire went by the poor man’s room to ask him how he enjoyed himself. (17)（ ） his great surprise, he found that the poor man moved (18)（ ） the hotel, back to his park bench. When the millionaire asked why, the man said, “You see, when I’m (19)（ ） here sleeping on the bench, I always dream I’m up there in the hotel. It’s a wonderful dream. But when I was up there in the hotel, I dreamed I was still here on the cold bench. It was a (20)（ ） dream and I could not get any sleep at all!” 1.A、satB、stayedC、stoodD、seated 2.A、paid attention toB、caughtC、watchedD、noticed 3.A、sleepingB、sittingC、lyingD、resting 4.A、hereB、thereC、in hereD、in there 5.A、thatB、itC、whichD、where 6.A、EveryB、EachC、ThatD、One 7.A、strangeB、surprisedC、interestedD、curious 8.A、soB、andC、butD、because 9.A、shameB、lazy boneC、failureD、wonder 10.A、dreamB、imagineC、thinkD、suppose 11.A、orderB、ideaC、enjoymentD、advice 12.A、trueB、realC、backD、to 13.A、bookB、reserveC、payD、list 14.A、complete monthB、entire monthC、free monthD、whole month 15.A、pleasedB、astonishedC、politeD、great 16.A、littleB、fewC、lot ofD、group of 17.A、ToB、ForC、WithD、In 18.A、awayB、out fromC、outD、out of 19.A、downB、belowC、underD、beneath 20.A、ghostlyB、terribleC、dullD、foolish

填空题[A] What have they found? [B] Is it true that laughing can make us healthier? [C] So why do people laugh so much? [D] What makes you laugh? [E] How did you come to research it? [F] So what"s it for? Why are you interested in laughter? It"s a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There"s so much we don"t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter. 41. Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response to humour. Most of the time it"s a message we send to other people—communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It"s also involved in events such as release of fear. 42. My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another—real rough-and-tumble—and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and- tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter. 43. Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species. 44. The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occipital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes Visual signals, to the brain"s frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson"s disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can"t laugh. 45. I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they"re so natural. I"m sure they"re not forcing anything funny to happen. I don"t particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter really creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

填空题Now the people are eating more ______ (fruit) than before.

填空题He felt a great weight ______ (take)off his mind．

填空题In 1959 the average American family paid $989 for a year's supply of food. In 1972 the family paid $1, 311. That was a price increase of nearly one-third. Every family has had this sort of experience. Everyone agrees that the cost of feeding a family has risen sharply. But there is less agreement when reasons for the rise are being discussed. Who is really responsible? Many blame the farmers who produce the vegetables, fruit, meat, eggs, and cheese that stores offer for sale. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the farmer's share of the $1, 311 spent by the family in 1972 was $521. This was 31 percent more than the farmer had received in 1959. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame those who process the farm products after the products; leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. (1) . Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $790, which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemen's profit has increased more than farmer's. But some economists claim that the middleman's actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one percent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. (2) . (3) . Vegetables and chicken cost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it. A family should expect to pay more when several "TV dinners" are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables, and sometimes dessert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish is put into the oven and heated while the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. (4) . Economists remind us that many modem housewives have jobs outside the home. They earn money that helps to pay the family food bills. The housewife naturally has less time and energy for cooking after day's work. She wants to buy many kinds of food that can be put on her family's table easily and quickly. (5) . It appears that the answer to the question of rising prices is not a simple one. Producers, consumers, and middlemen all share the responsibility for the sharp rise in food costs. A. Thus, as economists point out, "Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and work of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processor's plant." B. They are among the "middlemen" who stand between the farmers arid the people who buy and eat the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices? C. "If the housewife wants all of these," the economists say, "that is her privilege, but she must be prepared to pay for the services of those who make her work easier." D. Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women don't want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. E. However, some economists believe that controls can have negative effects over a long period of time. In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment F. Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. G. By comparison with other members of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.

填空题Stress refers to the degree of ______used in producing a syllable.（中山大学2006研)

填空题{{U}}Terrified by the thought that she was having a heart attack{{/U}}, Mary screamed for help.

填空题Linguistics is usually defined as the______study of language. (北二外2003研)

填空题We are enthusiastic teachers who promote the be______ of education and are devoted to the education reform.

填空题Although these opportunities dont gua______ to lead to success, market-oriented businesses should find them worth considering.

填空题46) A major reason most experts today support concepts such as a youth services bureau is that traditional correctional practices fail to rehabilitate many delinquent youth. It has been estimated that as many as 70 percent of all youths who have been institutionalized are involved in new offenses following their release. Contemporary correctional institutions are usually isolated—geographically and socially—from the communities in which most of their inmates live. 47) In addition, rehabilitative programs in the typical training school and reformatory focus on the individual delinquent rather than the environmental conditions which foster delinquency. Finally, many institutions do not play an advocacy role on behalf of those committed to their care. They fail to do anything constructive about the back-home condition—family, school, work—faced by the youthful inmates. As a result, too often institutionalization serves as a barrier to the successful return of former inmates to their communities. Perhaps the most serious consequence of sending youths to large, centralized institutions, however, is that too frequently they serve as a training ground for criminal careers. 48) The classic example of the adult offender who leaves prison more knowledgeable in the ways of crime than when he entered is no less true of the juvenile committed to a correctional facility. The failures of traditional correctional institutions, then, point to the need for the development of a full range of strategies and treatment techniques as alternatives to incarceration. Most experts today favor the use of small, decentralized correctional programs located in or close to communities Where the young offender lives. Half-way houses, all-day probation programs, vocational training and job placement services, remedial education activities, and street-working programs are among the community-based alternatives available for working with delinquent and potentially delinquent youths. Over and above all the human factors cited, the case for community-based programs is further strengthened when cost is considered. The most recent figures show that more than $258 million is being spent annually on public institutions for delinquent youths. 49) The average annual operating expenditure for each incarcerated youth is estimated at a little over five thousand dollars, significantly more than the cost of sending a boy or a girl to the best private college for the same period of time. 50) The continuing increase in juvenile delinquency rates only serves to heighten the drastic under-financing, the lack of adequately trained staff, and the severe shortage of manpower that characterize virtually every juvenile correction system.

填空题He set ______ all objections and granted my request.

填空题Translate the following underlined into English．(辽宁师范大学2007研，考试科目：综合英语) 一个小伙子暗恋着一个女孩。女孩是他的同事，他们在一个办公室里工作。 小伙子性格内向，不善言辞，他不知道如何向女孩子表达他的爱慕之意。写情书吧，小伙子是学理工的，一直搞技术工作，满脑子的图形，就是没有一句有文采的话。小城里也没有花店，电影电视上常见的送花那一套也无从谈起。至于直截了当地告诉女孩子说“我爱你”，小伙子就更没有这个胆量了。 这样的恋情应该说是没戏了。但事实上一年后他们却结了婚。有人向小伙子讨教，他说：“我每天上班的第一件事就是帮她擦桌子：然后为她泡上一杯她喜欢喝的绿茶。她胃不好，我经常备些胃药放在她的桌上。一开始她不知道是我做的这些事情，时间长了就知道了。就这么简单。” 忍不住叫人想到“浪漫”一词。写情书是一种浪漫，送99朵玫瑰是一种浪漫。我不知道擦桌子、泡茶、送药是否也是一种浪漫。浪漫是没有定式的，或许那些实实在在地呵护和关爱才是真正的浪漫，它是生命之火点燃的最绚烂的花朵。

填空题This university was founded one hundred years ago.It has been ____________________.

填空题My sister seems very happy.______ that my sister is very happy.

填空题Business strategy Pricing Adjustment