单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} It is possible that the weather of the world may be changing. Some scientists imagine that this could even mean the beginning of another ice age. The effects of such a change in weather on human population of the world would be frightening. Recent research suggests that the warming trend (倾向) of the past hundred years or so may be coming to an end. During the past ten years, scientists tell us that the temperature of the world has dropped a little. This would have effects on wind and rain in the weather picture. Scientists believe clouds may be an important factor (因素) in changing the amount of heat on the earth. Another possibility is that man's agriculture and industry ways may affect the natural weather.

单选题When I was a child I used ______ swimming in the lake. A. to going B. going C. to go D. go

单选题 Triumph of the City [A] 243 million Americans crowd together in the 3 percent of the country that is urban. 36 million people live in and around Tokyo, the most productive metropolitan area in the world. Twelve million people reside in central Mumbai. On a planet with vast amounts of space, all of humanity could fit in Texas—each of us with a personal townhouse, we choose cities. Although it has become cheaper to travel long distances, or to telecommute, more and more people are clustering closer and closer together in large metropolitan areas. Five million more people every month live in the cities of the developing world, and in 2011, more than half the world's population is urban. [B] Cities, the dense agglomerations (凝聚物) that dot the globe, have been engines of innovation since Plato and Socrates argued in an Athenian marketplace. The streets of Florence gave us the Renaissance, and the streets of Birmingham gave us the Industrial Revolution. The great prosperity of contemporary London and Tokyo comes from their ability to produce new thinking. Wandering these cities—whether down stone sidewalks or grid-cutting cross streets, around roundabouts or under freeways—is to study nothing less than human progress. [C] In the richer countries of the West, cities have survived the end of the industrial age and are now wealthier, healthier, and more tempting than ever. In the world's poorer places, cities are expanding enormously because urban density provides the clearest path from poverty to prosperity. Despite the technological breakthroughs that have caused the death of distance, it turns out that the world isn't flat; it's paved. [D] The city has triumphed. But as many of us know from personal experience, sometimes city roads are paved to hell. The city may win, but too often its citizens seem to lose. Every urban childhood is shaped by extraordinary people and experiences—some delicious, like the sense of power that comes from a preteen's first subway trip alone; some less so, like a first exposure to urban gunfire. For every Fifth Avenue, there's a Mumbai slum; for every Sorbonne, there's a D.C. high school guarded by metal detectors. [E] Indeed, for many Americans, the latter half of the twentieth century—the end of the industrial age—was an education not in urban splendor (辉煌) but in urban squalor (惨状). How well we learn from the lessons our cities teach us will determine whether our urban species will flourish in what can be a new golden age of the city. [F] My passion for the urban world was inspired by my metropolitan childhood; I've spent my life trying to understand cities. That quest has been rooted in economic theory and data, but it has also meandered (蜿蜒) through the histories of metropolitan areas and the everyday stories of those who live and work in them. I find studying cities so interesting because they pose fascinating, important, and often troubling questions. Why do the richest and poorest people in the world so often live side by side? How do once-mighty cities fall into disrepair? Why do so many artistic movements arise so quickly in particular cities at particular moments? Why do so many smart people enact so many foolish urban policies? [G] There's no better place to ponder these questions than what many consider to be the prototypical city—New York. Native New Yorkers, like myself, may occasionally have a slightly exaggerated view of their city's importance, but New York is still a model of urbanity and therefore an appropriate place to start our journey to cities across the world. Its story includes the past, present, and future of our urban centers, and provides a springboard for many of the themes that will emerge from the pages and places ahead. [H] If you stand on Forty-seventh Street and Fifth Avenue this Wednesday afternoon, you'll he surrounded by people. Some are rushing uptown for a meeting or downtown to grab a drink. Others are walking east to enter the Grand Central Terminal, which has more platforms than any other train station in the world. Some people may be trying to buy an engagement ring—after all, Forty-seventh Street is the nation's premier market for jewels. There will be visitors gazing upward—something New Yorkers never do—on their way from one landmark to another. If you imitate a tourist and look up, you'll see two great ridges of skyscrapers framing the valley that is Fifth Avenue. [I] Thirty years ago, New York City's future looked far less bright. Like almost every colder, older city. The city's subways and buses felt out of date in a world being rebuilt around the car. The city's port, once the glory of the Eastern seaboard, had sunk into irrelevance. Under the leadership of John Lindsay and Abe Beame, the city's government had come near default despite having some of the highest taxes in the nation. Not just Jerry Ford. but history itself seemed to be telling New York City to drop dead. [J] New York, or more properly New Amsterdam, was founded during an earlier era of globalization as a distant outpost of the Dutch West India Company. It was a trading village where a hodgepodge (大杂烩) of adventurers came to make fortunes swapping pearls for furs. Those Dutch settlers clustered together because proximity made it easier to exchange goods and ideas and because there was safety behind the town's protective wall (now Wall Street). [K] In the eighteenth century, New York passed Boston to become the English colonies' most important port; it specialized in shipping wheat and flour south to feed the sugar and tobacco colonies. During the first half of the nineteenth century, with business booming, New York's population grew from sixty thousand to eight hundred thousand, and the city became America's urban giants. That population explosion was partly due to changes in transportation technology. At the start of the nineteenth century, ships were generally small—three hundred tons was a normal size—and, like smaller airplanes today, ideal for point-to-point trips, like Liverpool to Charlestown or Boston to Glasgow. Between 1800 and 1850, improvements in technology and finance brought forth larger ships that could carry bigger loads at faster speeds and lower cost. [L] There was no percentage in having these huge ships traveling to every point along the American coast. Just like today's Boeing 747s, which land at major centers and transfer their passengers onto smaller planes that take them to their final destinations, the big ships came to one central bay and then transferred their goods to smaller vessels for delivery up and down the Eastern seaboard. New York was America's super port, with its central location, deep, protected harbor, and river access far into the inland. When America moved to a hub-and-spoke shipping system, New York became the natural hub.

单选题An interesting project called Blue Zones is recording the lifestyle secrets of the communities with the highest concentrations of [centenarians] in the world.The people in the five regions in Europe,

单选题A few years ago it was 21 to speak of a generation gap, a division between young people and their elders. Parents 22 that children did not show them proper respect and 23 , while children complained that their parents did not understand them at all. What had gone wrong? Why had the generation gap suddenly appeared? 24 , the generation gap has been around for a long time. Many 25 argue that it is built into the fabric of our society. One important cause of the generation gap is the 26 when young people have to choose their own life-styles. In more 27 societies, when children grow up, they are expected to live in the same area as their parents, to marry people that their parents know and 28 of, and often to continue the family 29 . In our society, young people often travel great distances for their educations, move out of the family home at an early age, marry or live with people whom their parents have never met, and choose occupations different from those of their parents. In our upwardly mobile society, parents often expect their children to do better than they did: to find better jobs, to make more money, and to do all the things that they were unable to do. Often, however, the ambitions that parents have for their children are another cause of the division between them. Often, they discover that they have very little in common with each other. Finally, the speed at which changes take place in our society is another cause of the gap between the 30 . In a traditional culture, elderly people are valued for their wisdom, but in our society the knowledge of a lifetime may become obsolete overnight.

单选题Theteacherdoesn'tallowhisstudents __________ ontheexam.

单选题 How Safe Is Your Cell Phone A. It takes a little extra work to get in touch with Andrea Boland. The Maine state representative answers e-mails and lists her business and home phone numbers on the Web. But unlike many politicians surgically attached to their BlackBerrys, she keeps her cell switched off unless she's expecting a call. And if she has her way, everyone in Maine—and perhaps, eventually, the rest of the U. S.—will similarly think twice before jabbering away on their mobiles. In March, Maine's legislature will begin debating a bill she submitted that would require manufacturers to put a warning label on every cell phone sold in the state declaring, 'This device emits electromagnetic radiation, exposure to which may cause brain cancer.' Her warning would continue, 'Users, especially children and pregnant women, should keep this device away from the head and body.' B. For those of you now eyeing your cell phones suspiciously, it's worth noting that both the National Cancer Institute and the World Health Organization say there isn't evidence to support the assertion that cell phones are a public-health threat. But a number of scientists are worried that there has been a dangerous rush to declare cell phones safe, using studies they feel are inadequate and too often weighted toward the wireless industry's interests. An analysis published by University of Washington neurologist Henry Lai determined that far more independent studies than industry-funded studies have found at least some type of biological effect from cell-phone exposure. C. Several countries—including Finland, Israel and France—have issued guidelines for cell-phone use. And San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom, who began researching the issue when his wife was expecting their first child, is hoping his city will adopt legislation that would have manufacturers print radiation information on cell-phone packaging and manuals and require retailers to display the data on the sales floor. With 270 million Americans and 4 billion people around the world using cell phones—and more signing up every day—a strong link between mobiles and cancer could have major public-health implications. As cell phones make and take calls, they emit low-level radio-frequency(RF) radiation. Stronger than FM radio signals, these RF waves are still a billionth the intensity of known carcinogenic radiation like X-rays. The wireless industry contends(主张) that RF radiation lacks the strength to alter molecules in the human body; the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) maximum for cell-phone-signal exposure is intended to prevent RF radiation from heating tissue to the point that cells are damaged. Cell-phone RF radiation's 'effect on the body, at least at this time, appears to be insufficient to produce genetic damage typically associated with developing cancer,' Dr. Robert Hoover, director of the National Cancer Institute's Epidemiology and Biostatistics Program, testified at a 2008 congressional hearing. D. But the body of research is far from conclusive. In 1995, Lai Co-wrote a study showing that a single two-hour exposure of RF radiation—at levels considered safe by U. S. standards—produced the sort of genetic damage in rats' brain cells that can lead to cancer. Though subsequent researchers—often funded in part by the wireless industry—failed to replicate Lai's results, a 2004 European Union-funded study reported similar findings. E. Dariusz Leszczynski, a research professor at Finland's Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority in Helsinki, has done studies indicating that RF radiation may create a stress reaction in the cells that line blood vessels, leading to a dangerous breach in the blood-brain barrier. 'Mobile-phone radiation may be able to indirectly hurt cells, perhaps by interfering with their ability to repair normal DNA damage,' he says. 'Given the scientific uncertainty, it's premature to say the use of cell phones is safe.' F. If RF radiation increases the chances of developing brain cancer, it should show up in long-term studies of cell-phone users. But man epidemiological studies have found no clear connection, including a 200 Danish Cancer Society study of 421,000 cell-phone users, which led many in the media to conclude that mobiles are harmless. To date, 'peer-reviewed (同行评审)scientific evidence has overwhelmingly indicated that wireless devices do not pose a risk,' says John walls, a spokesman for CTIA, global wireless association. There are problems with many of these studies however. For starters, the Danish one—which reviewed the medical records of people who had signed up for cell phones from 1982 to 1995—didn't include all the business users, who were among the earliest adopter and most intensive users, because they were not billed directly. Also, the study looked only at tumors that were diagnosed by 2002—not long after daily use of cell phones became widespread. Brain cancers can take several decades to develop, so it might be many years before a measurable bump in cancer rates shows up. 'The latency period (潜伏期) we have is far too short,' says Dr. Siegal Sadetzki, a cancer researcher at Israel's Gertner Institute whose epidemiological studies have found some connections between cell-phone use and salivary-gland tumors. 'And today, people are using the phone much more heavily.' G. Sadetzki served as Israel's principal investigator in the Interphone study, which was conducted over the past several years by 13 countries, most of them European. The Interphone results initially were to be published in 2006, but the final report has been postponed repeatedly, and the study investigators are reportedly deeply divided. In the U.S., which isn't one of the Interphone countries, the National Toxicology Program is launching studies of the health effects of cell phones. But peer-reviewed results won't be available until at least 2014. H. That's a long time to wait for definitive data. The good news is that there are easy ways for those concerned about RF radiation to cut down on exposure. Using your cell phone's speaker or connecting a wired headset—while keeping the handset, away from your body—drastically reduces RF exposure. (Bluetooth headsets help too, but they still emit some radiation) And given the potentially more serious risks for children, who have thinner skulls than adults, parents might want to wait before handing teens their first phone—or at least ensure they use it mostly for texting. Meanwhile, a start-up, Pong Research, is selling cell-phone cases that significantly reduce radiation exposure by channeling waves away from the head. Says Alfred Wong, Pong's chief scientist and a professor emeritus of physics at UCLA: 'I think it's best to avoid as much of the risk as possible until the verdict(结论) is in.' I. That's exactly what Boland and other advocates of warning labels are arguing. It's true that cell-phone use has yet to be linked to cancer risk. 'Scientifically speaking, we don't have the proof yet,' says Sadetzki. 'But as a public-health concern, I'm saying we definitely should adopt precautions.'

单选题Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for top flight staff, travel, and television commercials.

单选题On its last flight to the moon in 1972, the Apollo spacecraft ______ with a record lunar stay of seventy-five hours, which aroused worldwide excitement.

单选题Wang Qing did not come to the meeting; he ______ the notice on the blackboard since we saw it on our way to the dining-hall.

单选题British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the {{U}}electorate{{/U}} that guns would not be fired without an attempt to win a further U. N. sanction.

单选题The Nobel Prizes are awards that are given each year for special things that people or groups ofpeople have achieved. They are awarded in six 21__________ : physics, chemistry, medicine, literature,pe

单选题 Besides active foreign enterprises and a{{U}} (31) {{/U}} number of private employers, a consequential new development was the development of employment in state-owned enterprises (guanying or guanshang ). Started by some {{U}}(32) {{/U}} Qing officials, the yangwupai, in the late nineteenth century, sizable state-owned enterprises developed primarily {{U}}(33) {{/U}} enhancing China's national defense. Famous industrial giants of today's China such as the shipyards in Shanghai and heavy industries in cities like Wuhan, Nanjing, and Chongqing were built by the Qing or the Republic governments. Some of them later began to {{U}}(34) {{/U}} considerable private investment. After World War Ⅱ, this type of stateowned employment became very important. Labor in those enterprises consisted basically {{U}}(35) {{/U}} two tiers: a largely market-oriented allocation of blue-collar and some white-collar workers, and a mostly state allocation of most of the white-collar workers including managerial and technical personnel. The latter was a distorted labor market that featured strong {{U}}(36) {{/U}} considerations in allocating and managing labor. Personal and kinship connections, the so-called "petticoat influence," and political {{U}}(37) {{/U}} were the norm for this type of labor allocation pattern. In a way, it was midway between a rather crude market-oriented labor allocation pattern and the centuries-old, warm, family-based traditional labor allocation pattern. It covered a very small but important portion of the Chinese labor force, and thus {{U}}(38) {{/U}} our attention. Later, it apparently provided the historical precedent {{U}}(39) {{/U}} state-owned enterprises to allocate their administrative and technical cadres, even its entire industrial labor force, {{U}}(40) {{/U}} state employees.

单选题Mrs. White became a teacher in 1985. She ______ for twenty years by next summer.

单选题Overcoming setbacks takes time, efforts and perseverance .

单选题 Exercise is good for you. But most people really know very little about how to exercise. Look at the following true-false tests. You will be surprised! The best way to reduce the mid-section is to do abdominal exercise. False. Many people believe that when specific muscles are exercised, the fatty tissues in the immediate area are 'burned up'. The truth is that exercise bums fat from all over the body and not from one specific area, regardless of the type of exercise. Of course, if you reduce the fat throughout your body, you will certainly see results around your waistline too! To maintain an adequate level of physical fitness, you need to exercise only twice a week. False. Studies conducted by NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, show that unexercised muscles lose their strength very quickly. After 48 to 72 hours, you must use the muscles again to re-establish the good physical effects. To lose weight you should always 'work up a good sweat' when exercising. False. Sweating only lowers body temperature to prevent overheating; it does not help you reduce. You may weigh less immediate after a workout, but this is due to water loss. Once you replace the liquid, you replace the weight. You bum more calories jogging one mile than walking the same distance. False. You use the same amount of energy whether you walk or jog the mile, since in both cases you are moving the same weight the same distance. The speed doesn't matter. Of course, if you jog rather than walk for 30 minutes, you'll cover more distance, and therefore bum more calories. If your breathing doesn't return to normal within minutes after you finish exercising, you've exercised too much. True. Five minutes or so after exercising, your breathing should be normal, your heart shouldn't be pounding, and you shouldn't be exhausted. Beneficial exercise is not overly difficult, unpleasant, and refreshing. Walking is one of the best exercises. True. Walking helps circulation of blood through-out the body, and thus has a direct effect on your overall feeling. Vigorous stretching exercises keep muscles flexible. False. Stretching exercises (for example: twisting or bending at the waist, touching your toes) should be done slowly, allowing the muscles to relax and 'let go'. Vigorous stretching makes the muscles tighter. The minimum amount of time you should spend exercising in a day is 20 minutes. True. There are more than 400 muscles that attach to your skeleton. A good exercise routine should contract and stretch all these muscles, and this simply cannot be done with four or five exercises in five or ten minutes. From experience, I've found that about 20 minutes is the minimum amount of time needed for an adequate workout.

单选题 SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Passage One Young people are moving to cities at a faster rate than the rest of the population, according to a new survey. It also shows the unemployment rate of young people is on the decline. The Contemporary China Youth Population Development Studies Report was released last November by the China Teenagers Research Center and China's Population Development Studies Center at Renmin University. The report shows that, although urban birthrates are declining, the percentage of young Chinese living in cities and towns is rising faster than that of the rest of the population. This is the result of migration from the countryside to the cities. Lu Yilin, Dean of the Department of Youth Work at Beijing Youth Politics College says the cities can draw on fresh blood for future growth; the youth have a better chance to develop themselves and be in touch with new ideas. However there are also hidden difficulties. According to Lu, the urban youth who don't have a registered permanent residence might find it hard to ensure they are treated as equals alongside those who have. The high percentage of young migrants benefits the mutual interaction and communication of different regions, according to Xia Xueluan, a society expert at Beijing University. However, it can cause cultural clashes or conflicts in lifestyles. According to the report, the employment rate among people above the age of 16 is 69.7 percent, 4.4 percentage points lower than in 2000. Although the employment rate for both men and women has declined, the employment rate for women has declined by a larger margin. 'Due to gender discrimination, women tend to stay in education and get higher degrees, including masters,' says Hou Jiawei, a member of the research team. About 8.86 million people aged 16-29 belong to the NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) group. Experts say the NEET group can't be simply defined as those who 'feed off the parents'. Xia points out that in most cases people in the NEET group are undergoing a transitional stage in their lives, during which it's fine for them to seek help. Their longer or ultimate aim is always to find a job or study abroad. Passage Two Concerned about its appeal to sponsors, the women's professional golf tour, which in recent years has been dominated by foreign-born players, has warned its members that they must become conversant in English by 2017 or face suspension. 'We live in a sports-entertainment environment,' said Libba Galloway, the deputy commissioner of the tour, the Ladies Professional Golf Association (L.P.G.A.). 'For an athlete to be successful today in the sports entertainment world we live in, they need to be great performers on and off the course, and being able to communicate effectively with sponsors and fans is a big part of this. 'Being a U.S.-based tour, and with the majority of our fan base, pro-am contestants, sponsors and participants being English speaking, we think it is important for our players to effectively communicate in English.' The L.P.G.A. and the other professional golf tours, unlike professional team sports, are dependent on their relationships with corporate sponsors for their financial survival. Although Galloway insisted that 'the vast majority' of the 120 international players on the L.P.G.A. circuit already spoke enough English to get by, she declined to say how many did not. There are 26 countries represented on the L.P.G.A. Tour. Republic of Korea, with 45 golfers, has the largest contingent. The L.P.G.A.'s new language policy—believed to be the only such policy in a major sport—was first reported by Golfweek magazine on its website on Monday. According to Golfweek, the L. P.G.A. held a meeting with the tour's Republic of Korea players last week before the Safeway Classic, at which the L.P.G.A. commissioner, Carolyn Bivens, outlined the policy. Golfweek reported that many in attendance misunderstood the penalty, believing they would lose their tour cards if they did not meet the language requirement. Even so, the magazine reported, many Republic of Korea players interviewed supported the policy, including the Hall of Famer Se Ri Pak. 'We agree we should speak some English,' said Pak, who added that she thought fines seemed a fairer penalty than suspensions. 'We play so good over all. When you win, you should give your speech in English.' She added: 'Mostly what comes out is nerves. Totally different language in front of camera. You're excited and not thinking in English.' Major League Baseball, which has a high percentage of foreign-born athletes, said it had not seen the need to establish a language guideline. Pat Courtney, a spokesman for M.L.B., said baseball had not considered such a policy because it wanted its players to be comfortable in interviews and wanted to respect their cultures. 'Given the diverse nature of our sport, we don't require that players speak English,' he said. 'It's all about a comfort level.' The National Hockey League, which is based in Canada where English and French are the official languages, also places no such requirements on its players, although several clubs provide players with tutors if they express a desire to learn English. The National Basketball Association, which had 76 international players from 31 countries and territories last season, follows a similar approach to the N. H. L. 'This is not something we have contemplated,' said Maureen Coyle, the N.B.A.'s vice president for basketball communications. The only N. B. A. players in recent years to have used an interpreter are China's Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian. Yao, who began playing in the N. B. A. with the Houston Rockets in 2002, no longer needs an interpreter. In fairness, comparisons between the L.P.G.A., an independent organization not affiliated(隶属) with the PGA Tour, and other sports bodies are imprecise. The L.P.G.A., much like the PGA Tour, is a group of individual players from diverse backgrounds whose success as an organization depends on its ability to attract sponsorship from companies looking to use the tour for corporate entertainment and advertisement. Passage Three Two weeks ago, I placed an order on Amazon.com for a book titled Love and Consequences. The memoir's dust jacket promised a story of a young woman, named Margaret B. Jones, who survived Los Angeles gang life—and lived to tell about it. Problem is: The telling is a 300-page lie. Before the author's older sister notified the publisher that the book was made-up, New York Times book critic Michiko Kakutani wrote glowingly, 'She captures the brutal realities of a place where children learn to sleep on the floor to avoid the random bullets that might come smashing through the windows and walls at night... She conveys the extraordinary stoicism (坚忍，克己) of women like Big Mom, her foster mother, who raised four grandchildren while working a day job and a night job.' But in fact, the name Margaret B. Jones was a pseudonym for Margaret Seltzer, a young woman who, according to a subsequent story in the Times, 'grew up with her biological family in the prosperous Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles.' In that neighborhood, bullets don't often tear into walls, and morns don't often have to work two jobs to keep food on the table. Seltzer, 33 and now living in Oregon, reportedly got her inspiration for the book after working with LA organizations to fight gang violence. 'I'm not saying, like, I did it right,' Seltzer said. 'I did not do it right... Maybe it's an ego thing—I don't know. I just felt that there was good that I could do and there was no other way that someone would listen to it.' This fabrication is just one of several that have recently managed to hit the bookshelves before publishers realize that they have been duped. At the beginning of March, a Holocaust(大屠杀) memoir, Misha: A Memoire of the Holocaust Years by Misha Defonseca, was exposed as a fake. Two years ago, a popular memoir about a man's recovery from drug addiction, A Million Little Pieces by James Frey, was also famously discredited. Besides embarrassing the publishers and, no doubt, ruining the reputation of the writers, such books also pose problems (though much smaller in scale) to those of us who have bought and/or read them. After all, memoirs are supposed to carry an extra amount of authority. When readers pick them up, they expect to enter a reality as seen by someone who has participated in it. Readers believe the conversations, characters and experiences—along with the emotions they invoke—to be genuine (if sometimes a bit embellished). So when that lie finally arrives in the mail, will I be able to read it? I doubt it. The book will probably end up getting an undeserved slot on my bookshelf, and I'll probably never crack it open. After all, while reading about gunfire in the streets and morns raising kids in fatherless homes, I'd be unable to get this image of a younger Seltzer out of my mind: Instead of ducking her head when bullets pound her living room wall, she's sleeping soundly in a bed covered with pillows. Instead of being cared for by a tired woman working two jobs, she's the daughter of two successful professionals, and a loyal viewer of a popular crime drama on TV. Passage Four Ever since Jing Youliang graduated from Wuhan University in 2003, he's been on the move. In the past four years, the 26-year-old has worked in Guangzhou, Wuhan and now Beijing. Each of those moves gave Jing a headache—not because of all the packing, but because of the bureaucracy surrounding social security, which includes medical care, pension and unemployment. Moving to another place in China means a lot more than leaving old friends and making new ones. It also requires leaping over hurdles that, if ignored, could jeopardize one's future benefits. 'Every time I settle down in a new city, I have to set up a new social security account,' explained Jing, a real estate agent. 'When I want to leave, I have to transfer my accumulated payments to an account in Chongqing, or it may hurt my benefits in the future.' According to the National Bureau of Statistics in 2006, about 147 million Chinese were part of the 'floating population'. About 52 million of them, or 35 percent, were young people aged 14 to 29. Such movement, however necessary for young people trying to settle into a career, can create problems that last long into the future. Social security funds are collected at the city and county level. Because of this, moving from one place to another means that wage-earners can lose some or all of their required investment. Under the current system, people cannot carry their whole social security funds with them during a move. Payments made by their former employer into the fund are surrendered to the local government. In most cases, those paid by wage-earners may only be transferred to the city on their residence permit, or hukou. Zheng Bingwen, a pension fund expert at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), blames this bureaucracy on local government protectionism. In China, around 2,200 units at county and city level collect and manage the social security funds of local citizens. 'Cities don't want newcomers. Usually, they can't take the portion paid by their former employers. It is much larger than the amount individuals pay to the accounts. This means their arrival won't help much in expanding the city's fund, but there will be more to share it,' said Zheng. Local governments gained control over social security in the 1980s, when the system was first established. 'The central government didn't have the money to take on the financial burden of providing pension and medical care for the people,' explained Zheng. So the local governments were requested to do it and they began to manage the fund, said Zheng. Last week, however, the central government took steps to begin fixing this problem. It aims to move control of the funds from the city and county levels to the provincial level. The move would combine those 2,200 separate funds into fewer, more centralized funds. However, as Zheng Gongcheng, professor of social security at Renmin University of China, explained, this reform has its own problems: 'In Guangdong, for example, Guangzhou residents pay 8 percent of their personal wages towards social security. But in poor cities like Shaoguan, wage-earners pay only 6 percent,' said Zheng. 'The provincial government has to consider the difference and find a way around it.'

单选题I have to ( ) my expenditure to my income.