填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} For each numbered blank in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in each blank on the ANSWER SHEET. What is meant {{U}}(51) {{/U}} the word "friend"? The dictionary {{U}}(52) {{/U}} it as: ."one attached to {{U}}(53) {{/U}} by affection or esteem". Americans use the word freely——that is , a friend may or may not be a person {{U}}(54) {{/U}} whom there is a great attachment. A friend might be a casual acquaintance or an intimate companion. Friends may have known each other {{U}}(55) {{/U}} child- hood or they mayhave recently met. It is difficult to formulate a precise {{U}}(56) {{/U}} of this word as it is used in the United States, {{U}}(57) {{/U}} it cover many types of relationships. "My friend and I went to the show last night." "My friends gave me the name of a good doctor." "My friend consoled me when I was depressed." We hear such daily references {{U}}(58) {{/U}} the word "friend" without knowing the quality of the friendship referred to. It is common for Americans to have different "circles of friends" such {{U}}(59) {{/U}} church friends, work friends, or sports friends. A person may choose not to involve members of different circles {{U}}(60) {{/U}} the same activity. (One's friends from the office may never meet one's friends from the sports club. ) {{U}}(61) {{/U}} such as "office mate" and "tennis partner" {{U}}(62) {{/U}} the segregation of friends. The office mate is a friend in the office and the tennis partner is a friend {{U}}(63) {{/U}} the courts. People have different types of friends: one may have many good friends and one best friend. "Best friends" are usually two people of the same sex who have known each other {{U}}(64) {{/U}} a long period of time. People usually have more casual friends than close or best friends. Americans are geographically mobile and learn to {{U}}(65) {{/U}} friendships easily and quickly. Approximately one {{U}}(66) {{/U}} of every five American families moves every year. People relocate {{U}}(67) {{/U}} they begin new jobs, {{U}}(68) {{/U}} distant colleges, get married, have chidren or simply want a change in their lives. Perhaps as a consequence of this, people form and {{U}}(69) {{/U}} friendships quickly. Students attending two or three universities during their undergraduate and graduate years may {{U}}(70) {{/U}} their circles of friends several times.

填空题The economic situation (will improve) given that there is (forecast to) be less unemployment and (closures) than in (previous years).A. will improveB. forecast to beC. closuresD. previous years

填空题A．Higher living standard. B．Importance of transport in trade. C．Various , means of transport. D．Birth of transport-related industries and trade. E．Role of information in trade. F．Public transportation. G．Transport facilitating trade. 1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a small scale. 2 The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance. 3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods, which at one time could be obtained (获得) only during a part of the year, can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living. 4 By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living. 5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.

填空题The more we looked at the abstract painting, more we liked it .

填空题Reading good books increases your contentment when you are cheerful and relieves your sorrow when you are sad.

填空题[A]Demographicdeclineworriespeoplebecauseitisbelievedtogohandinhandwitheconomicdecline.Attheextremesitmaywellbetheresultofeconomicfactors:pessimismmaydepressthebirthrateandpushupratesofsuicideandalcoholism.But,inthemain,demographicdeclineistheconsequenceofthelowfertilitythatgenerallygoeswithgrowingprosperity.InJapan,forinstance,birthratesfellbelowthereplacementrateof2.1childrenperwomaninthemid-1970sandhavebeenparticularlylowinthepast15years.[B]Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theglobalpopulationexplosionwasthebigdemographicannoyance.RobertMcNamara,presidentoftheWorldBankinthe1970s,comparedthethreatofunmanageablepopulationpressureswiththedangerofnuclearwar.Nowthatworryhasevaporated,andthiscenturyisfrighteningitselfwiththeoppositefear:theonsetofdemographicdecline.[C]GovernmentshatetheideaofashrinkingpopulationbecausetheabsolutesizeofGDPmattersforgreat-powerstatus.Thebiggertheeconomy,thebiggerthemilitary,thegreaterthegeopoliticalclout:annualGDPestimateswerefirstintroducedinAmericainthe1940saspartofitswareffort.Companiesworry,too:theydonotliketheideaoftheirdomesticmarketsshrinking.Peopleshouldnotmind,though.WhatmattersforeconomicwelfareisGDPperperson.[D]Peoplelovetoworry--maybeit'sasymptomofageingpopulations--butthegloomsurroundingpopulationdeclinesmissesthemainpoint.Thenewdemographicsthatarecausingpopulationstoageandtoshrinkaresomethingtocelebrate.Humanitywasoncecaughtinthetrapofhighfertilityandhighmortality.Nowithasescapedintothefreedomoflowfertilityandlowmortality.Women'scontroloverthenumberofchildrentheyhaveisanunqualifiedgood--asistheaverageperson'senjoyment,inrichcountries,oftenmoreyearsoflifethantheyhadin1960.Politiciansmayfearthedeclineoftheirnations'economicpower,butpeopleshouldcelebratethenewdemographicsasheraldingagoldenage.[E]TheshrinkageofRussiaandeasternEuropeisfamiliar,thoughnotperhapsthescaleofit:Russia'spopulationisexpectedtofallby22%between2005and2050,Ukraine'sbyastaggering43%.Nowthephenomenoniscreepingintotherichworld:Japanhasstartedtoshrinkandothers,suchasItalyandGermany,willsoonfollow.EvenChina'spopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030s,accordingtotheUN,whichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries.[F]Butifdemographicdeclineisnotgenerallyaconsequenceofeconomicdecline,surelyitmustbeacause?Inacrudesense,yes.Aspopulationsshrink,GDPgrowthwillslow.Someeconomiesmayevenstarttoshrink,too.Theresultwillbealossofeconomicinfluence.[G]ThecrucialquestionisthereforewhattheeffectofdemographicdeclineisonthegrowthofGDPperperson.Thebadnewsisthatthislookslikelytoslowbecauseworking-agepopulationsWilldeclinemorerapidlythanoverallpopulations.Yetthisneednothappen.ProductivitygrowthmaykeepupgrowthinGDPperperson:aslabourbecomesscarcer,andpressuretointroducenewtechnologiestoboostworkers'efficiencyincreases,sotheproductivityoflabourmayrisefaster.Anyway,retirementagescanbeliftedtoincreasethesupplyoflabourevenwhenthepopulationisdeclining.

填空题The dying man said ______ (vague) to his lawyer, "I will leave all my property to the orphans.\

填空题The IPA makes available some more symbols for frequently occurring vowels

填空题According to Ryle, the task of philosophy is to restate "______ misleading expressions" in forms that are logically more accurate. (System)

填空题这个沙发一拉开,就可变成床. (to convert into).

填空题________is the degree of force used in producing syllable

填空题In considering men for jobs in our firm, we gave ______ (preferable) to those with some experience.

填空题She wanted to tell John how surprised she was at his knowledge but embarrassment made her hold her peace.

填空题[A] Convenient packaging[B] Health and wellness[C] Skeptical customers[D] Enormous markets[E] Soaring sales[F] Trendy drink In the last 40 years the bottled water industry has gone from a business prospect that few took seriously, to a global industry worth billions of pounds. The commodity itself remains simple. The way we think about it has changed fundamentally. Water is natural, pure and sourced at minimal cost. Its real value lies in its marketing and branding. "I think bottled water is the most revealing substance for showing us how the global capitalist market works today," says Richard Wilk, professor of anthropology at Indiana University. "In a sense we're buying choice, we're buying freedom. That's the only thing that can explain why you would pay money for a bottle of something that you can otherwise get for free. " 41. ______ Through a confection of advertising and marketing, bottled water has become one of the biggest success stories in the modern food and beverage industry. "The demand for bottle water has grown exponentially in the last few decades," says Dr. Peter Gleick, author of Bottled and Sold. "It's doubled, it's doubled again and it's doubled again. And the bottle water companies see enormous markets not just in the rich countries but also in the poorer countries. " No actual variety Some people think that bottled water is the high point of global capitalism, particularly the people in the bottled water business. "I think bottled water actually represents a kind of caricature of the global economy. It provides people in the developed world with 20 or 30 varieties of something for which there is no actual variety," says Charles Fishman, author of The Big Thirst. 42. ______. At the beginning there really was no variety and the bottled water phenomenon began with one brand. Perrier (佩绿雅，矿泉水品牌) was a triumph of advertising, creating a brand that was to define a generation. At the heart of the campaign to make the brand popular was Richard Wheatley, of the Leo Burnett advertising agency between 1979 and 1994. "Perrier popularised bottled water," he says. "It made it acceptable, more than acceptable, it made it... desirable. " But it was not an instant success. When Perrier UK was looking to increase its sales in the early 1970's, it faced a skeptical public. Many questioned why anyone would buy water when you could get it free from the tap. 43. ______. Faced with obstacles, Perrier turned to advertising with a campaign that was to change our consumer landscape for ever. The campaign was a marketing coup and sales went through the roof from 12 million bottles in 1980 to 152 million by the end of the decade. Perrier was no longer just a bottle of water. The marketing and advertising teams had established a crucial emotional link between the product and the consumers. "Perrier became a badge," says Michael Bellas, chairman of the Beverage Marketing Corporation. "When you held a Perrier bottle up, it said something about yourself, it said you were sophisticated, you understood what was happening in the world. It was a perfect beverage for the young and coming business executives, the trend-setters. " 44. ______. In an age of instant gratification, still water in portable bottles provided what people needed, exactly when they needed it. "People in general are more and more time pressed," says Mr. Fishman. "We don't cook our own meals any more, we eat prepared foods of all kinds. And there's nothing more appealing than a bottle of cold water at a moment when you're really thirsty. But I think bottled water is one of those products that on many occasions when people buy it, what they're buying isn't the water so much as the bottle. That is the package and the convenience at that moment. " 45. ______. When people bought this convenience, what they were really buying was Polyethylene Terephthalate, or PET, the single most important innovation in the industry's history. Strong, shatterproof and a highly valued form of polyester, PET is a by-product of the oil industry. It is now utilised in the packaging of everything from pharmaceuticals and soap, to ready meals. In years to come, the environmental impact of PET would haunt the industry and raise questions about its very survival, but in the 1990s this was a revolution. According to Mr. Bellas it was behind the subsequent incredible growth of the industry. "Starting with the introduction of the small premium PET waters, the category started to explode," says Mr. Bellas. "The bottled water industry before PET on the list of all beverage categories was number seven. With the advent of PET, water jumped to the number two spot, behind carbonated soft drinks. " By branding and marketing water, bottled water has been transformed from something that many of us took for granted into a product that now makes billions for global multinational companies.

填空题The rule ordering is however not always needed, as it fails to a much more general rule of language, the ________

填空题The traffic won't return to normal until the workers finish ______ (wide) the road.

填空题What does Lisa think of Sasha's last seminar paper?

填空题[A]Assumedinhospitablenesstosocialdevelopment[B]Pricepaidformisconceptions[C]Evolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology[D]Falsebeliefsrevised[E]Extremeimpoverishmentandbackwardness[F]Ignoranceofearlyhumanimpact[G]PopularviewonresidentsIn1942AlanRHolmberg,adoctoralstudentinanthropologyfromYaleUniversity,USA,ventureddeepintothejungleofBolivianAmazoniaandsearchedoutanisolatedbandofSirionoIndians.Theresearcherdescribedtheprimitivesocietyasadesperatestruggleforsurvival,aviewofAmazoniabeingfundamentallyreconsideredtoday.TheSiriono,Hohnbergwrote,leda"strikinglybackward"existence.Theirvillageswerelittlemorethanclustersofhuts.Lifeitselfwasaperpetualandpunishingsearchforfood:somefamiliesgrewmaniocandotherstarchycropsinsmallgardenplotsclearedfromtheforest,whileothermembersofthetribescouredthecountryforsmallgameandpromisingfishholes.Whenlocalresourcesbecamedepleted,thetribemovedon.Asfortechnology,Holmbergnoted,theSiriuno"maybeclassifiedamongthemosthandicappedpeoplesoftheworld".Otherthanbows,arrowsandcrudediggingsticks,theonlytoolstheSirionoseemedtopossesswere"twomachetesworntothesizeofpocket-knives".AlthoughthelivesoftheSirionohavechangedintheinterveningdecades,theimageofthemasStoneAgerelicshasendured.Tocasualobservers,aswellastoinfluentialnaturalscientistsandregionalplanners,theluxuriantforestsofAmazoniaseemageless,unconquerable,ahabitattotallyhostiletohumancivilization.TheapparentsimplicityofIndianwaysoflifehasbeenjudgedanevolutionaryadaptationtoforestecology,,livingproofthatAmazoniacouldnot--andcan'tsustainamorecomplexsociety.Archaeologicaltracesoffarmoreelaboralecullureshavebeendismissedastheruinsofinvadersfromoutsidetheregion,abandonedlodecayintheuncompromisingtropicalenvironment.ThepopularconceptionofAmazoniaanditsnativeresidentswouldbeenormouslyconsequentialifitweretrue.ButthehumanhistoryofAmazoniainthepast11000yearsbetraysthatviewasmyth.Evidencegatheredinrecentyearsfiomanthropologyandarchaeologyindicatedthattheregionhassupportedaseriesoflocal/indigenousculturesforeleventhousandyears;anextensivenetworkofcomplexsocieties—somewithpopulationsperhapsaslargeas10000—thrivedthereformorethan1,000yearsbeforethearrivalEuropeans.Farfrombeingevolutionarilyretarded,prehistoricAmazonianpeopledeelopedtechnologiesandculturesthatwereadvancedfortheirtime.IfthelivesofIndianstodayseem"primitive",theappearanceisnottheresultofsomeenvironmentaladaptationorecologicalbarrier;ratheritisacomparativelyrecentadaptationtocenturiesofeconomicandpoliticalpressure.TheevidenceforarevisedviewofAmazoniawilltakemanypeoplebysurprise.Ecologistshaveassumedthattropicalecosystemswereshapedentirelybynaturalforcesandtheyhavefocusedtheirresearchonhabitatstheybelievehaveescapedhumaninfluence.ButastheUniversityofFloridaeeologist,PeterFeinsinger,hasnoted,anapproachthatleavespeopleoutoftheequationisnolongersensible.ThearchaeologicalevidenceshowsthatthenaturalhistoryofAmazoniaistoasurprisingextenttiedtotheactivitiesofitsprehistoricinhabitants.Therealizationcomesnonetoosoon.InJune1992politicalandenvironmentalleadersfromacrosstheworldmetinRiodeJaneirotodiscusshowdevelopingcountriescanadvancetheireconomieswithoutdestroyingtheirnaturalresources.ThechallengeisespeciallydifficultinAmazonia.Becausethetropicalforesthasbeendepictedasecologicallyunfitforlarge-scalehumanoccupation,someenvironmentalistshaveopposeddevelopmentofanykind.Ironically,onemajorcasualtyofthatextremepositionhasbeentheenvironmentitself.Whilepolicymakersstruggletodefineandimplementappropriatelegislation,developmentofthemostdestructivekindhascontinuedonalargescaleovervastareas.Theothermajorcasualtyofthe"naturalism"ofenvironmentalscientistshasbeentheindigenousAmazonians,whosehabitsofhunting,fishing,andslash-and-burncultivationoftenhavebeenrepresentedasharmfultothehabitat.Intheclashbetweenenvironmentalistsanddevelopers,theIndianshavesufferedthemost.Thenewunderstandingofthepre-historyofAinazonia,however,pointstowardamiddleground.Archaeologymakesclearthatwithjudiciousmanagementselectedpartsoftheregioncouldsupportmorepeoplethananyonethoughtbefore.Thelong-buriedpast,itseems,offerhopeforthetuture.

填空题________ is a current of literary theory that dominated Anglo-American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century

填空题Peter: So I hear you got married last week. ______ Tom: Thank you. It was the best day of my life.