单选题Political controversy about the public-land policy of the United States began with the America Revolution. (1) , even before independence from Britain was (2) , it became clear that (3) the dilemmas surrounding the public domain might prove necessary to (4) the Union itself. At the peace negotiation with Britain, Americans obtained a western (5) at the Mississippi River. Thus the new nation secured for its birthright a vast internal empire rich in agricultural and mineral resources. But (6) their colonial charters, seven states claimed (7) of the western wilderness. Virginia's claim was the largest, (8) north and west to encompass the later states. The language of the charters was (9) and their validity questionable, but during the war Virginia reinforced its title by sponsoring Colonel Georgia Rogers Clark's 1778 (10) to Vicennes and Kaskaskia, which (11) America's trans Appalachian pretensions at the peace table. The six states holding no claim to the transmontane region (12) whether a confederacy in which territory was so unevenly apportioned would truly prove what it claimed to be, a union of equals. Already New Jersey, Delaware, Rhode Isaland, and Maryland were (13) the smallest and least populous of the states. (14) they levied heavy taxes to repay state war debts, their larger neighbors might retire debts out of land-sale proceeds. (15) by fresh lands and low taxes, people would desert the small states (16) the large, leaving the former to fall (17) bankruptcy and eventually into political subjugation. All the states shared in the war effort, how then could half of them "be left no sink under an (18) debt, whilst others are enabled, in a short period, to (19) all their expenditures from the hard earnings of the whole confederacy?" As the Revolution was a common endeavor, (20) ought its fruits, including the western lands be a common property.

单选题A lantern burned inside, making it ______ like the belly of a lightning bug. A. sparkle B. gleam C. flicker D. glow

单选题______ illness, he went to the seaside for vacation. A. Due to B. According to C. Owing to D. For the sake of

单选题 Most young boys are trained to believe that men should be strong, tough, cool, and detached. Thus, they learn early to hide 27 emotions such as love, joy, and sadness because they believe that such feelings are 28 and imply weakness. Over time, some men become strangers to their own emotional lives. It seems that men with traditional views of 29 are more likely to suppress outward emotions and to fear emotions, 30 because such feelings may lead to a loss of composure (镇定). Keep in mind, however, that this view is challenged by some researchers. As with many gender gaps, differences in emotionality tend to be small, inconsistent, and dependent on the situation. For instance, Robertson and colleagues found that males who were more traditionally masculine were more emotionally expressive in a 31 exercise than when they were simply asked to talk about their emotions. Males' difficulty with 'tender' emotions has serious consequences. First, suppressed emotions can contribute to stress-related disorders. And worse, men are less likely than women to seek help from health professionals. Second, men's emotional inexpressiveness can cause problems in their relationships with partners and children. For example, men who 32 traditional masculine norms report lower relationship satisfaction, as do their female partners. Further, children whose fathers are warm, loving, and accepting toward them have higher self-esteem and lower rates of aggression and behavior problems. On a positive note, fathers are 33 involving themselves with their children. . And 30 percent of fathers report that they take equal or greater 34 for their children than their working wives do. One emotion males are allowed to express is anger. Sometimes this anger translates into physical 35 or violence. Men 36 nearly 90 percent of violent crimes in the United States and almost all sexual assaults. A. evoke B. endorse C. fabricate D. responsibility E. supposedly F. insensitive G. masculinity H. commit I. feminine J. aggression K. structured L. vulnerable M. increasingly N. cite O. inevitably

单选题"Look at the car! What a mess!" "what happened." A. Let me tell you B. Let me to tell you C. Allow me tell you D. Allow me to tell you

单选题The future of that country is hard to predict________ the economic system is reformed.

单选题You can have a party in the living room ______ you leave no mess. A. suppose B. for fear that C. no matter how D. the moment

单选题A solution must be found that doesn"t ______ too many people in this group, otherwise it cannot work.

单选题 A. obligation B. occurs C. significant D. prior E. available F. approach G. preferences H. implies I. contribution J. distribution K. primarily L. convert M. automatically N. qualify O. overall To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated 42 on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on' persuasive salesmanship' to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then 43 them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, 44 that emphasis is placed on the wants of consumers. It begins with analyzing the 45 and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer 46 is known as the marketing concept. It simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easier to produce, the makers first try to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it 47 for purchase. Every step—design, production, 48 , promotion—is made according to consumer demand. This concept does not mean that consumer satisfaction is 49 over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activity—the firm and the consumer—and each must be satisfied before trade 50 Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding customers. When Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink in mid-1985, the non-acceptance by a 51 portion of the public brought about a quick restoration of the Classic Coke. This is a good example of the importance of satisfying consumers.

单选题If Dorothy had not been badly hurt in a car accident, ______ in last month' s Olympic Games.A. she would participate (参加)B. she might participateC. she would have participatedD. she must have participated

单选题The poor quality of the film mined the ______ perfect product. A. rather B. much C. otherwise D. particularly

单选题She can't walk without holding ______ someone's arm.

单选题Paper sold to a publishing industry ______.

单选题 Grow Plants Without Water A. Ever since humanity began to farm our own food, we've faced the unpredictable rain that is both friend and enemy. It comes and goes without much warning, and a field of lush (茂盛的) leafy greens one year can dry up and blow away the next. Food security and fortunes depend on sufficient rain, and nowhere more so than in Africa, where 96% of farmland depends on rain instead of the irrigation common in more developed places. It has consequences: South Africa's ongoing drought—the worst in three decades—will cost at least a quarter of its corn crop this year. B. Biologist Jill Farrant of the University of Cape Town in South Africa says that nature has plenty of answers for people who want to grow crops in places with unpredictable rainfall. She is hard at work finding a way to take traits from rare wild plants that adapt to extreme dry weather and use them in food crops. As the earth's climate changes and rainfall becomes even less predictable in some places, those answers will grow even more valuable. 'The type of farming I'm aiming for is literally so that people can survive as it's going to get more and more dry,' Farrant says. C. Extreme conditions produce extremely tough plants. In the rusty red deserts of South Africa, steep-sided rocky hills called inselbergs rear up from the plains like the bones of the earth. The hills are remnants of an earlier geological era, scraped bare of most soil and exposed to the elements. Yet on these and similar formations in deserts around the world, a few fierce plants have adapted to endure under ever-changing conditions. D. Farrant calls them resurrection plants (复苏植物). During months without water under a harsh sun, they wither, shrink and contract until they look like a pile of dead gray leaves. But rainfall can revive them in a matter of hours. Her time-lapse (间歇性拍摄的) videos of the revivals look like someone playing a tape of the plant's death in reverse. E. The big difference between 'drought-tolerant' plants and these tough plants: metabolism. Many different kinds of plants have developed tactics to weather dry spells. Some plants store reserves of water to see them through a drought; others send roots deep down to subsurface water supplies. But once these plants use up their stored reserve or tap out the underground supply, they cease growing and start to die. They may be able to handle a drought of some length, and many people use the term 'drought tolerant' to describe such plants, but they never actually stop needing to consume water, so Farrant prefers to call them drought resistant. F. Resurrection plants, defined as those capable of recovering from holding less than 0.1 grams of water per gram of dry mass, are different. They lack water-storing structures, and their existence on rock faces prevents them from tapping groundwater, so they have instead developed the ability to change their metabolism. When they detect an extended dry period, they divert their metabolisms, producing sugars and certain stress-associated proteins and other materials in their tissues. As the plant dries, these resources take on first the properties of honey, then rubber, and finally enter a glass-like state that is 'the most stable state that the plant can maintain,' Farrant says. That slows the plant's metabolism and protects its dried-out tissues. The plants also change shape, shrinking to minimize the surface area through which their remaining water might evaporate. They can recover from months and years without water, depending on the species. G. What else can do this dry-out-and-revive trick? Seeds—almost all of them. At the start of her career, Farrant studied 'recalcitrant seeds (顽拗性种子),' such as avocados, coffee and lychee. While tasty, such seeds are delicate—they cannot bud and grow if they dry out (as you may know if you've ever tried to grow a tree from an avocado pit). In the seed world, that makes them rare, because most seeds from flowering plants are quite robust. Most seeds can wait out the dry, unwelcoming seasons until conditions are right and they sprout (发芽). Yet once they start growing, such plants seem not to retain the ability to hit the pause button on metabolism in their stems or leaves. H. After completing her Ph.D. on seeds, Farrant began investigating whether it might be possible to isolate the properties that make most seeds so resilient (迅速恢复活力的) and transfer them to other plant tissues. What Farrant and others have found over the past two decades is that there are many genes involved in resurrection plants' response to dryness. Many of them are the same that regulate how seeds become dryness-tolerant while still attached to their parent plants. Now they are trying to figure out what molecular signaling processes activate those seed-building genes in resurrection plants—and how to reproduce them in crops. 'Most genes are regulated by a master set of genes,' Farrant says. 'We're looking at gene promoters and what would be their master switch.' I. Once Farrant and her colleagues feel they have a better sense of which switches to throw, they will have to find the best way to do so in useful crops. 'I'm trying three methods of breeding,' Farrant says: conventional, genetic modification and gene editing. She says she is aware that plenty of people do not want to eat genetically modified crops, but she is pushing ahead with every available tool until one works. Farmers and consumers alike can choose whether or not to use whichever version prevails: 'I'm giving people an option.' J. Farrant and others in the resurrection business got together last year to discuss the best species of resurrection plant to use as a lab model. Just like medical researchers use rats to test ideas for human medical treatments, botanists use plants that are relatively easy to grow in a lab or greenhouse setting to test their ideas for related species. The Queensland rock violet is one of the best studied resurrection plants so far, with a draft genome (基因图谱) published last year by a Chinese team. Also last year, Farrant and colleagues published a detailed molecular study of another candidate, Xerophyta viscosa, a tough-as-nail South African plant with lily-like flowers, and she says that a genome is on the way. One or both of these models will help researchers test their ideas—so far mostly done in the lab—on test plots. K. Understanding the basic science first is key. There are good reasons why crop plants do not use dryness defenses already. For instance, there's a high energy cost in switching from a regular metabolism to an almost-no-water metabolism. It will also be necessary to understand what sort of yield farmers might expect and to establish the plant's safety. 'The yield is never going to be high,' Farrant says, so these plants will be targeted not at Iowa farmers trying to squeeze more cash out of high-yield fields, but subsistence farmers who need help to survive a drought like the present one in South Africa. 'My vision is for the subsistence farmer,' Farrant says. 'I'm targeting crops that are of African value.'

单选题 They say that sticks and stones may break your bones, but words will never hurt you. Yet childhood bullying really can damage your long-term health. Gone are the days when bullying was considered an inevitable and ultimately harmless part of growing up—just last month we learned that childhood bullying can lead to poorer mental health even into middle age. Now William Copeland at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and his colleagues have shown that it can have lingering physiological effects too. They tracked 1420 9-year-olds right through their teens. Each child was seen up to nine times during the study and quizzed about bullying. The team then measured levels of C-reactive protein in their blood. CRP is a marker of inflammation (炎症) linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease (心血管疾病) and problems like diabetes. 'Because we were collecting biological samples throughout, we were able to look at CRP levels in subjects prior to their bullying involvement,' says Copeland. 'This really gives us an idea of the changes bullying brings about.' Although CRP levels naturally rise in everyone during adolescence, levels were highest in children who reported being tormented by bullies. Even at the ages of 19 and 21, children who had once been bullied had CRP levels about 1.4 times higher than peers who were neither perpetrators nor victims. In a cruel twist, the bullies had the lowest levels of all, suggesting they didn't suffer the same health risks. They may even see a benefit from their behavior, though Copeland stresses it doesn't vindicate (辩护) their actions. 'The goal would instead be to find other ways to produce this protective effect without it being at someone else's expense,' he says. Andrea Danese at King's College London has previously shown that maltreatment during childhood can lead to high levels of inflammation in adult life. 'This new study is a helpful addition in showing that these effects extend to another important childhood stressor,' he says. He suggests that care workers could monitor levels of CRP in children having psychotherapy to see if it is helping to soothe the stress of being bullied.

单选题If you ______ your influence, they may change their decision. A. compel B. exert C. expose D. vary

单选题City officials am considering building a path to give the public ______ to the site.

单选题More and more people today ______.

单选题The females in the rat population were ______ by the high population density.

单选题M: The taxi driver must have been speeding. W: Well, not really. He crashed into the tree because he was trying not to hit a box that had fallen off the truck ahead of him. Question: What do we learn about the taxi driver? A. He turned suddenly and ran into a tree. B. He was hit by a fallen box from a truck. C. He drove too fast and crashed into a truck. D. He was trying to overtake the truck ahead of him.