填空题 A. Human behavior B. Culture attributes C. Physiology of Homo sapiens D. Classification of Homo sapiens E. Human society F. Structure of Homo sapiensHuman, common name given to any individual of the species Homo sapiens and, by extension, to the entire species. The term is also applied to certain species that were the evolutionary forerunners of Homo sapiens. Scientists consider all living people members of a single species.41.__________ Homo sapiens is identified, for purposes of classification, as an animal with a backbone and segmented spinal cord that suckles its young; that gestates its young with the aid of a placenta; that is equipped with five-digited extremities, a collarbone, and a single pair of mammary glands on the chest; and that has eyes at the front of the head, stereoscopic vision, and a proportionately large brain. The species belongs to the family Hominidae, the general characteristics of which are discussed below. 42.__________ The details of skeletal structure distinguishing Homo sapiens from the nearest primate relatives-the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan-stem largely from a very early adaptation to a completely erect posture and a two-footed striding walk. The uniquely S-shaped spinal column places the center of gravity of the human body directly over the area of support provided by the feet, thus giving stability and balance in the uptight position. Complete bipedalism in the human freed the hand to become a supremely sensitive instrument for precise manipulation and grasping. The most important structural detail in this refinement is the elongated human thumb, which can rotate freely and is fully opposable to the other fingers. The physiological requirements for speech were secondarily established by erect posture, which positions the vocal cords for controlled breathing, and by the skilled use of the hands. The latter development occurs in association with the enlargement and specialization of a brain area that is a prerequisite for refined control of the lips and tongue. 43.__________ The large brain of Homo sapiens is approximately double that of early human toolmakers. This great increase in size in only 2 million years was achieved by a process called neoteny, which is the prolongation of retention of immature characteristics. The juvenile stage of brain and skull development is prolonged so that they grow for a longer period of time in relation to the time required to reach sexual maturity. Unlike the early human adult skull, with its sloping forehead and prominent jaw, the modem human skull-with biologically insignificant variations-retains into maturity a proportionately large size, in relation to the rest of the body, a high-rounded dome, straight-planed face, and reduced jaw size, all closely resembling the characteristics of the skull in the juvenile chimpanzee. Its enlarged dimensions required adaptations for passage through the birth canal; consequently, the human female pelvis widens at maturity, and the human infant is born prematurely. 44.__________ The physiological adaptations that made humans more flexible than other primates allowed for the development of a wide range of abilities and an unparalleled versatility in behavior. The brain's great size, complexity, and slow maturation, with neural connections being added though at least the first 12 years of life, meant that learned behavior could largely modify stereotyped, instinctive responses. New environmental demands could be met by rapid adjustments rather than by slow genetic selection; thus, survival in a wide range of habitats and under extreme conditions eventually became possible without further species differentiation. Each new infant, however, with relatively few innate traits yet with a vast number of potential behaviors, must be taught to achieve its biological potential as a human. 45.__________ The human species has a unique capability for culture in the sense of conscious thinking and planning, transmission of skills and systems of social relationships, and creative modification of the environment. The integrated patterns of behavior required for planning and fashioning tools were accomplished at least 2.5 million years ago, and some form of advanced code for vocal communication may also have existed at this time. By 350, 000 years ago planned hunting, fire making, and the wearing of clothing were well established, as was possibly ritualized disposal of the dead. Evidence of religion, recorded events, and art date from 30, 000 to 40, 000 years ago and imply advanced language and ethics for the complex ordering of social groups required for such activities. From about that time the genus Homo began to stabilize into the one generalized species of Homo sapiens.

填空题To my regret, your explanation is ______ (satisfaction).

填空题3．If you think independence means the opportunity to be totally ______, then a relationship means some sacrifice of independence. (self)

填空题Chinese-English Translation．(武汉理工大学2009研，考试科目：基础英语) 翻译中的所谓“异化”(alienation)和“归化”(domestication)，是以译者所选的文化立场为基本点来加以区分的。前者主要以原语文化为门属，强调译文要有“异”于目的语，后者主要以目的语文化为门属，强调译文要同化于目的语。它们在翻译中的可信性取决于翻译的目的、读者的需求、文化间相互依赖的程度等，具有各自的价值和不可取代性。“异化”和“归化”的矛盾实际上就是我国翻译界长期以来的直译派与意译派之争，这一对概念有相互重叠的一面，如归化和意译都指译文通顺，符合译人语的语法规则等。异化和直译都追求与原作的“等值”(equivalent effect)，尊重源语的语法规范。但归化和异化更加强调文化因素，它所涉及的主要是文化立场问题，直译、意译则侧重语言操作问题。随着国际文化交流的扩大和加深，翻译中的“异化”和“归化”处于相对的、动态的概念，无论是在理论探讨还是在翻译实践上，都将需要正视和探讨。

填空题free-lance professionals

填空题Nobody at the meeting would (belief) ______ that the new proposal could be carried out smoothly.

填空题Henry: Which do you prefer, a pear or a banana? Alice: ______

填空题It is clear that a decision leading to a policy can only be as good as the information on which it is based.

填空题We took some fantastic photos, but______(fortunate) the film got damaged.

填空题Passage One The improbable chain of events that leads Alexander Fleming 1.______to discover penicillin in 1928 is the stuff which scientific myths 2.______are made. It was a discovery that would change the course of thehistory, The active ingredient in that mold, which Fleming named penicillin, turned to be an infection-fighting agent of 3.______enormous potency. When it was finally recognized as what itwas—the efficacious life-saving drug in the world—penicillin 4.______would alter forever the treatment of bacterial infections. By themiddle of the century, Fleming's discovery spawned a huge phar- 5.______maceutical industry, churning out synthetic penicillin that wouldconquer some of man-kind's most ancient scourges, includingsyphilis, gangrene, and tuberculosis. When he died a heart attack in 1955, he was mourned by 6.______the world and buried as a national hero in the crypt of St. Paul'sCathedral in London. Although Fleming's scientific work in andof itself may not have reached great, his singular contribution 7.______changed the practice of medicine. He deserves our utmost recog-nition. At the same time, we must bear on mind that the 8.______"Fleming Myth", as he called it, embodies the accomplishmentsof many giants of anti-biotic development. Fleming is but a cho-sen representative for the likes of Florey, Chain, Domagk, andWaksman, many of who remain, sadly, virtual unknowns. 9.______Their achievements have made the world a better, healthierplace. In commemorating Fleming, and we commemorate them 10.______all.

填空题{{B}}Directions: {{/B}}You are going to read a text about basic element in both speaking and writing, followed by a list of examples and explanations. Choose the best example or explanation from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. There are many differences .between communicating in written and spoken words—one to one or one to many. Because speaking is face to face and personal, it is much more direct than writing.. Hand and body gestures, facial expressions, and vocal variety help greatly to support face-to-face communication. It is also reinforced by instant feedback from listeners in the form of smiles, frowns, applause, catcalls, clenched fists, and so on. An alert speaker who is sensitive to feedback can "shift gears" and adapt to changing circumstances.41. The differences between talking and writing Writing, however, depends solely on words and punctuation to deliver the message. There are no gestures and no voice, and if there is any feedback, it takes time to reach the writer.42. Why long sentences can be used in writing? Effective talking is aimed at people's minds and hearts through their ears, and ears prefer short, direct, conversational sentences. There are three standards that apply equally to talking and writing—clarity, accuracy, and appropriateness.43. Clarity. If the audience doesn't understand the message instantly, then the speaker has, to some extent, failed. Thus, every possible measure must be taken to ensure that all your words and thoughts are perfectly clear to the audience.44. Accuracy. As a conscientious speaker, you must see to it that your information is as current and as accurate as research can make it.45. Appropriateness. In addition to being precise, your language should also be suitable to the subject, audience, and occasion. [A] For instance, a speaker can vary his/her pitch or tone to change the meaning expressed. A writer, on the other hand, has to rely solely on the words and context or even explanations in braces to achieve that. [B] Good talking is wordy, repetitive, and far less structured than efficient writing. A good speech, reproduced word for word on paper, usually does not read well because it rambles and repeats words and thoughts. It is not nearly as disciplined and organized as good writing. [C] Throughout your talk, words are your prime means for helping your audience understand your message. And to harness the profound power of words, you should develop a lifelong habit of using a dictionary and a thesaurus. If you do not exploit these resources, you will fail to achieve your full potential as a speaker and conversationalist. Another device that will help you achieve clarity in your talk is a summary. If your talk consists of three willresearched major points, lit those points in your introduction so your audience will know at once what ground you will cover. Discuss them in depth, summarize them at the end of your talk, and emphasize any conclusions hat they lead to. [D] For example, a speaker who's addressing a Parent-Teacher Association should avoid the statistical and psychological jargon of advanced educational researchers. By the same token, she should not indulge in teenage slang. Any speaker worth her salt will analyze her audience first and adapt her language accordingly. [E] The surest way for you to damage your credibility is to spew forth misinformation or outdated information. How many times have you seen a story, a name, an important fact, or a charge against someone retracted in newspapers? Unfortunately, the damage was done when the misinformation first appeared in print. Such unwarranted embarrassment and mental anguish could have been avoided ff someone had taken the time to recheck the information. If your talk is on a current or crucial topic, do your homework and arm yourself with quotations and sources to fortify your facts. [F] Long, involved sentences are acceptable in writing for two reasons: (1) The eye can absorb many more words in an instant than the ear can hear. (2) If a reader stumbles on a marathon sentence, she can read it again. Not so with spoken words— once uttered they're gone, especially in speech. If a listener misses a sentence, both she and the speaker have lost part of the message; there is no going back, except perhaps during the question-and-answer period. In a conversation, of course, the listener can ask the speaker to repeat.

填空题As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, ______ concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.

填空题Tom: Hi, Kate. Mind if I join you?Kate: Not at all.____________

填空题Translate each of the following texts into English Accuracy，clarity and readability will be major considerations in the marking and scoring process．(西安外国语大学2006研，考试科目：翻译理论与实践) 孟子日：“鱼，我所欲也，熊掌亦我所欲也；二者不可兼得，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生亦我所欲也，义亦我所欲也；二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也”。

填空题She often wrote him ______ letters in her spare time. (friend)

填空题 Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. Paris is the capital of the European nation of France. It is also one of the most beautiful and (1)（ ） cities in the world. Paris is called the City of Light. It is (2)（ ） an international fashion center. What stylish women are (3)（ ） in Paris will be worn by women (4)（ ） the world. Paris is also a famous world center of education. For instance, it is the headquarters of UNESCO, the United Nations (5)（ ）, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. The Seine River (6)（ ） the city into two parts. Thirty-two bridges (7)（ ） this scenic river. The oldest and (8)（ ） most well-known is the Pont Neuf, (9)（ ） was built in the sixteenth century. The Sorbonne, a famous university, (10)（ ） on the Left Bank (south side) (11)（ ） the river. The beautiful white church Sacre Coeur lies (12)（ ） the hill called Montmartre on the Right Bank (north side) of the Seine. There are many other famous places in Paris, (13)（ ） the famous museum the Louvre (14)（ ） the cathedral of Notre Dame. However, the most famous landmark in this city (15)（ ） the Eiffel Tower. Paris is named (16)（ ） a group of people (17)（ ） the Parisii. They (18)（ ） a small village on an island (19)（ ） the Seine River about two thousand years ago. This island, called the Ile de la Cite, is (20)（ ） Notre Dame is located. Today around eight million people live in the Paris area. 1.A、famousestC、famouser B、most famousD、more famous 2.A、as wellB、tooC、alsoD、as well as 3.A、clothingB、dressingC、putting onD、wearing 4.A、all overB、over allC、whole overD、over whole 5.A、EducatingB、EducationC、EducationallyD、Educational 6.A、dividesB、breaksC、arrangesD、classifies 7.A、passB、coverC、crossD、lie 8.A、perhapsB、possibleC、likelyD、similarly 9.A、itB、thatC、whereD、which 10.A、is locatingB、locatesC、is locatedD、located 11.A、onB、ofC、overD、aboved 12.A、on top ofB、on topC、at top ofD、top of 13.A、as suchB、such asC、such likeD、like such 14.A、and as wellB、well asC、as wellD、as well as 15.A、must beB、has to beC、can beD、need be 16.A、behindB、aboutC、afterD、concerning 17.A、calledB、callingC、to be calledD、being called 18.A、have builtB、builtC、had builtD、build 19.A、amongB、betweenC、in the middle ofD、over 20.A、in whichB、whichC、whereD、that

填空题It"s raining, again. As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread.