阅读理解The children (play) ______ the violin over there will go on the stage next week.

阅读理解 Whitening the world's roofs would offset the emissions of the world's cars for 20 years, according to a new study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Overall, installing lighter-colored roofs and pavement can cancel the heat effect of two years of global carbon dioxide emissions, Berkeley Lab says. It's the first roof-cooling study to use a global model to examine the issue. Lightening up roofs and pavement can offset 57 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide, about double the amount the world emitted in 2006, the study found. It was published in the journal Environmental Research Letters. Researchers used a conservative estimate of increased albedo, or solar reflection, suggesting that purely white roofs would be even better. They increased the albedo of all roof by 0.25 and pavement by 0.15. That means a black roof, which has an albedo of zero, would only need to be replaced by a roof of a cooler color—which might be more feasible to implement than a snowy white roof. Berkeley Lab says. The researchers extrapolated a roof's CO2 offset over its average lifespan. If all roofs were converted to white or cool colors, they would offset about 24 gigatons (24 billion metric tons) of CO2, but only once. But assuming roofs last about 20 years, the researchers came up with 1.2 gigatons per year. That equates to offsetting the emissions of roughly 300 million cars, all the in the world, for 20 years. Pavement and roofs cover 50 to 65 percent of urban areas and cause a heat-island effect because they absorb so much heat. That's why cities are significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. This effect makes it harder—and therefore more expensive—to keep buildings cool in the summer. Winds also move the heat into the atmosphere, causing a regional warming effect. Energy secretary Steven Chu, a Nobel laurete in physics (and former Berkeley Lab director), has advocated white roofs for years. He put his words into actions by directing all Energy Department offices to install white roofs. All newly installed roofs will be white, and black roofs might be replaced when it is cost-effective over the lifetime of the roof. 'Cool roofs are one of the quickest and lowest-cost ways we can reduce our global carbon emissions and begin the hard work of slowing climate change.' He said in a statement.

阅读理解Format 1 Passage 1 The moment two humans lay eyes on each other has incredible

阅读理解 Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a 'GAFA tax', meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon-in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States. The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France. The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes. These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy. In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system. France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.

阅读理解If you throw a pebble into a pond, you see waves moving outward in all directions

阅读理解Now let us look at how we read

阅读理解Passage D Opportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older

阅读理解Passage Two Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for text?

阅读理解Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalization of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science:exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word '' amateur'' does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own fight; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of referring, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalization and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.

阅读理解 Researchers have found that REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is important to human beings. This type of sleep generally occurs four or five times during one night of sleep, lasting five minutes to forty minutes for each occurrence. The deeper a person's sleep becomes, the longer the periods of rapid eye movement. There are physical changes in the body to show that a person has changed from NREM (non-rapid eye movement) to REM sleep. Breathing becomes faster, the heart rate increases, and, as the name implies, the eyes begin to move quickly. Accompanying these physical changes in the body is a very important characteristic of REM sleep. It is during REM sleep that a person dreams.

阅读理解Directions:In this part of the test，there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. Butthat does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right toworry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are notrun by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over：General Electric must be on at leastits ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms bom in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google andFacebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authorsadmire.On the pessimists* side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investorbehavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are trulydismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world isgrowing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) hasgrown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. Onepossibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the Internet.But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the Internetrevolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are notunderstating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is morepersuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “ funthan fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase. But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusingon things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more orless stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $ 507 billion a yearof productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at theroad.

阅读理解 John Grisham was born on February 2, 1955, in Jonesboro, Arkansas, in the USA. His father was a construction worker and moved his family all around the southern states of America, stopping wherever he could find work. Eventually they settled in Mississippi. Graduating from law school in 1981, Grisham practiced law for nearly a decade in Southaven, specializing in criminal defense and personal injury litigation (诉讼). In 1983, he was elected to the state House of Representatives and served until 1990. One day at the Dessoto County courthouse, Grisham heard the horrifying testimony of a 12-year-old rape victim. He decided to write a novel exploring what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her attackers. He proceeded to get up every morning at 5 a.m. to work on the novel, called A Time to Kill, which was published in 1988. Grisham's next novel, The Firm, was one of the biggest hits of 1991, spending 47 weeks on The New York Times bestseller list. Grisham lives with his wife and two children, div/ding their time between their Victorian home on a 67 acre firm in Mississippi and a 204 acre plantation near Charlottesville, Virginia. When he's not writing, Grisham devotes time to charitable causes, including mission trips with his church group. As a child, he dreamt of becoming a professional baseball player, and now serves as the local Little League commissioner. He has built six ballfields on his property and hosts children from 26 Little League teams.

阅读理解Part B Directions: Reading the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corre- sponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The typical picture of a corporate highflier is someone who survives on very little sleep. He or she rises when it is still dark, works late and is still answering emails at two oclock in the morning. Such people do exist, of course. The late British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, for example, was famous for operating on a few hours sleep. Some entrepreneurs and Wall Street traders seem to follow suit. But if you think you need to do the same thing to get ahead, think again. A growing body of re- search is finding that, on the contrary, those who get a good nights sleep are usually more produc- tive at work. Thats because sleep doesnt just rest the brain, say medical specialists. It allows the brain to perform vital maintenance and restoration tasks. Brains that get too little sleep simply can- not perform as well as those that are rested. Theres no doubt that sleep deprivation affects job per- formance, says the Detroit Medical Centers Safwan Badr. The evidence is compelling that when you do not get enough sleep ... you are not as productive. Investors should also take heed: Numerous studies have found that those running on too little sleep tend to make poorer investment decisions and take needless risks as well. Charles Czeisler, a sleep specialist at Brigham Womens Hospital in Boston, agrees. Missing a nights sleep de- grades our neurobehavioral performancethat is, our mental acuityby the equivalent to being legally drunk, he says. And, he warns, this doesnt only apply if you miss one nights sleep com- pletely;youll see similar effects if you simply sleep too little each night over time. For the first time, new research has attempted to put some numbers on the link between more Zzzs and more Benjamins. Matthew Gibson, graduate researcher in the economics department of the University of California, San Diego, compared wage data with sleep times recorded in the U.S. Cen- sus Bureaus American Time Use Survey. His conclusion: For those who are sleeping too little, a onehour increase in longrun average sleep increases wages by 16%, equivalent to more than a year of schooling. Adults need eight hours of sleep on average, experts say. There is some variation between indi- viduals. But when we are tired, we find it much harder to think innovatively and to make creative leaps, say researchers. We find it harder to adapt our thinking to new information or to learn new lessons. Consider: At Englands Loughborough University in 1999, researchers Yvonne Harrison tested the effects of sleep deprivation on a small group of healthy young participants. They were giv- en complex business-situation tasks in the form of a game, as well as some critical reading tasks. Those who went short on sleep were able to keep up with the reading, they found. But when it came to the complex game, their play collapsed, they Reported.

阅读理解At 18， Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century

阅读理解In this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 short answerquestions. Please read the passages and then write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.TEXT EHow to answer interview questions?To start, take a tip from consultants who coach executives on how to handle media interviews. They say you can deliver the message you want to an employer, regardless of the question you’re asked.“Unlike some politicians, who take no notice of press questions and immediately introduce a different topic in response, job candidates must answer employers’ queries,” says John Barford of the interview training firm Genesis. “However, you can quickly make the transition from your answer to the important points you want to convey about your qualifications,” he says.He advises candidates at job interviews to apply the formula Q=A+1: Q is the question; A is the answer; + is the bridge to the message you want to deliver; and 1 is the point you want to make. Diligent preparation is also necessary to effectively answer any interview question, say senior executives. They give a number of useful tips:•Learn as much as you can beforehand. Ask company employees questions prior to job interviews to gain as much insight as you can. If the company is publicly owned, find out how viable it is by reading shareholder reports. You can then tailor what you say to the company’s issues.•Be prepared for questions that require you to show how you handled difficult challenges. These questions require stories in response, but as it’s unlikely that you’ll have one that fits every situation, try to recall some from your past experience that show how you coped with a range of issues.•Count on being asked about a past mistake or blemish on your career record, and don’t try to dodge the issue. Ms. Murphy, president of the Murphy Group, a media interview training firm, says that it’s important to steer clear of lies at all costs. Just answer the question and move on.•When discussing a mistake, focus on the positive outcomes. “You learn as much by dropping the ball as you do by catching it,” says senior executive Mr. Friedmann. When he was being interviewed for his current job, he mentioned he had been involved in many successful turnarounds and one that failed. “And I said how I’d benefited in many ways from going through that experience,” he says.Answer the following questions, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text foreach answer.

阅读理解Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: People say that money cannot buy happiness

阅读理解Science of setbacks : How failure can improve career prospectsA) How do early career setbacks affect our long-term success? Failures can help us learn and overcome our fears. But disasters can still wound us. They can screw us up and set us back. Wouldn’t it be nice if there was genuine, scientifically documented truth to the expression "what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger" ?B) One way social scientists have probed the effects of career setbacks is to look at scientists of very similar qualifications. These scientists, for reasons that are mostly arbitrary, either just missed getting a research grant or just barely made it. In social sciences, this is known as examining "near misses" and "narrow wins" in areas where merit is subjective. That allows researchers to measure only the effects of being chosen or not. Studies in this area have found conflicting results. In the competitive game of biomedical science, research has been done on scientists who narrowly lost or won grant money. It suggests that narrow winners become even bigger winners down the line. In other words, the rich get richer.C) A 2018 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, for example, followed researchers in the Netherlands. Researchers concluded that those who just barely qualified for a grant were able to get twice as much money within the next eight years as those who just missed out. And the narrow winners were 50 percent more likely to be given a professorship.D) Others in the US have found similar effects with National Institutes of Health early-career fellowships launching narrow winners far ahead of close losers. The phenomenon is often referred to as the Matthew effect, inspired by the Bible’s wisdom that to those who have, more will be given. There’s a good explanation for the phenomenon in the book The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success by Albert Laszlo Barabasi. According to Barabasi, it’s easier and less risky for those in positions of power to choose to hand awards and funding to those who’ve already been so recognized.E) This is bad news for the losers. Small early career setbacks seem to have a disproportionate effect down the line. What didn’t kill them made them weaker. But other studies using the same technique have shown there’s sometimes no penalty to a near miss. Students who just miss getting into top high schools or universities do just as well later in life as those who just manage to get accepted. In this case, what didn’t kill them simply didn’t matter. So is there any evidence that setbacks might actually improve our career prospects? There is now.F) In a study published in Nature Communications, Northwestern University sociologist Dashun Wang tracked more than 1,100 scientists who were on the border between getting a grant and missing out between 1990 and 2005. He followed various measures of performance over the next decade. These included how many papers they authored and how influential those papers were, as measured by the number of subsequent citations. As expected, there was a much higher rate of attrition (减员) among scientists who didn’t get grants. But among those who stayed on, the close losers performed even better than the narrow winners. To make sure this wasn’t by chance, Wang conducted additional tests using different performance measures. He examined how many times people were first authors on influential studies, and the like.G) One straightforward reason close losers might outperform narrow winners is that the two groups have comparable ability. In Wang’s study, he selected the most determined, passionate scientists from the loser group and culled (剔除) what he deemed the weakest members of the winner group. Yet the persevering losers still came out on top. He thinks that being a close loser might give people a psychological boost, or the proverbial kick in the pants.H) Utrecht University sociologist Arnout van de Rijt was the lead author on the 2018 paper showing the rich get richer. He said the new finding is apparently reasonable and worth some attention. His own work showed that although the narrow winners did get much more money in the near future, the actual performance of the close losers was just as good.I) He said the people who should be paying regard to the Wang paper are the funding agents who distribute government grant money. After all, by continuing to pile riches on the narrow winners, the taxpayers are not getting the maximum bang for their buck if the close losers are performing just as well or even better. There’s a huge amount of time and effort that goes into the process of selecting who gets grants, he said, and the latest research shows that the scientific establishment is not very good at distributing money. "Maybe we should spend less money trying to figure out who is better than who,"he said, suggesting that some more equal dividing up of money might be more productive and more efficient. Van de Rijt said he’s not convinced that losing out gives people a psychological boost. It may yet be a selection effect. Even though Wang tried to account for this by culling the weakest winners, it’s impossible to know which of the winners would have quit had they found themselves on the losing side.J) For his part, Wang said that in his own experience, losing did light a motivating fire. He recalled a recent paper he submitted to a journal, which accepted it only to request extensive editing, and then reversed course and rejected it. He submitted the unedited version to a more respected journal and got accepted.K) In sports and many areas of life, we think of failures as evidence of something we could have done better. We regard these disappointments as a fate we could have avoided with more careful preparation, different training, a better strategy, or more focus. And there it makes sense that failures show us the road to success. These papers deal with a kind of failure people have little control over—rejection. Others determine who wins and who loses. But at the very least, the research is starting to show that early setbacks don’t have to be fatal. They might even make us better at our jobs. Getting paid like a winner, though? That’s a different matter.

阅读理解There are Americans who visit France and come back saying “the French are so rude. ”I feel differently. I think Americans perceive French behavior “rude” because it doesnt follow American rules. You cant assume that everyone in France should speak English. You cant approach a French stranger with a big American hello and “how are you” and expect them to respond in kind. However, if you look them in the eye, give a slight nod with a gentle hello, they will respond favorably. Most French people I meet are subtle and dignified. They are not loud, and they are reserved in their expressions. We like to say words like “great”, “magnificent”, or “marvelous ”The French will say “pas mal” (not bad) even if they win the lottery! And you will be wrong if you think Europeans dont have their own negative idea of Americans. Most young Europeans Ive met view Americans as “fake” and loud, since we do tend to have big hellos and smiles for strangers and ask “how are you” and walk away before a response. We should make a conscious effort to show the French that we can adjust to our surroundings, and that we dont expect to enter a foreign country and have everything be just as we wish it to be. I wasn’t able to completely forget my American roots during my stay. I was still the one getting strange looks wearing my sandals in the cold (with socks of course). I was still the one with the loudest laugh. And I could never quite get my voice to that level which is “loud enough for the waiter to hear but not nearby diners” I will always feel a bit like an awkward teenager as I stumble my way around Europe. I was very lucky in that my French friends insisted my American idiosyncrasies (习性) were charming and deserving of acceptance. So look at the French in a new light. They have a rich culture, a rich past. I can attest to the fact that if you are kind and polite, you will gain friends, and perhaps even improve foreign relations!

阅读理解Text 4 Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U