单选题 Animals on the Move A. It looked like a scene from 'Jaws' but without the dramatic music. A huge shark was slowly swimming through the water, its tail swinging back and forth like the pendulum of a clock. Suddenly sensitive nerve ending in the shark's skin picked up vibrations of a struggling fish. The shark was immediately transformed into a deadly, efficient machine of death. With muscles taut, the shark knifed through the water at a rapid speed. In a flash the shark caught its victim, a large fish, in its powerful jaws. Then, jerking its head back and forth, the shark tore huge chunks of flesh from its victim and swallowed them. Soon the action was over. B. Moving to Survive In pursuing its prey, the shark demonstrated in a dramatic way the important role of movement, or locomotion, in animals. Like the shark, most animals use movement to find food. They also use locomotion to escape enemies, find a mate, and explore new territories. The methods of locomotion include crawling, hopping, slithering, flying, swimming, or walking. Humans have the added advantage of using their various inventions to move about in just about any kind of environment. Automobiles, rockets, and submarines transport humans from deep oceans to as far away as the moon. However, for other animals movement came about naturally through millions of years of evolution. One of the most successful examples of animal locomotion is that of the shark. Its ability to quickly zero in on its prey has always impressed scientists. But it took a detailed study by Duke University marine biologists S. A. Wainwright, F. Vosburgh, and J. H. Hebrank to find out how the sharks did it. In their study the scientists observed sharks swimming in a tank at Marine land in Saint Augustine, Fla. Movies were taken of the sharks' movements and analyzed. Studies were also made of shark skin and muscle. C. Skin Is the Key The biologists discovered that the skin of the shark is the key to the animal's high efficiency in swimming through the water. The skin contains many fibers that crisscross like the inside of a belted radial tire. The fibers are called collagen fibers. These fibers can either store or release large amounts of energy depending on whether the fibers are relaxed or taut. When the fibers are stretched, energy is stored in them the way energy is stored in the string of a bow when pulled tight. When the energy is released, the fibers become relaxed. D. The Duke University biologists have found that the greatest stretching occurs where the shark bends its body while swimming. During the body's back and forth motion, fibers along the outside part of the bending body stretch greatly. Much potential energy is stored in the fibers. This energy is released when the shark's body snaps back the other way. As energy is alternately stored and released on both sides of the animal's body, the tail whips strongly back and forth. This whip-like action propels the animal through the water like a living bullet. E. Source of Energy What causes the fibers to store so much energy? In finding the answer the Duke University scientists learned that the shark's similarity to a belted radial tire doesn't stop with the skin. Just as a radial tire is inflated by pressure, so, too, is the area just under the shark's collagen 'radials'. Instead of air pressure, however, the pressure in the shark may he due to the force of the blood pressing on the collagen fibers. F. When the shark swims slowly, the pressure on the fibers is relatively low, and the shark is able to bend its body at sharp angles. The animal swims this way when looking around for food or just swimming. However, when the shark detects an important food source, some fantastic involuntary changes take place. The pressure inside the animal may increase by 10 times. This pressure change greatly stretches the fibers, enabling much energy to be stored. This energy is then transferred to the tail, and the shark is off. The rest of the story is predictable. G. Dolphin Has Speed Record Another fast marine animal is the dolphin. This seagoing mammal has been clocked at speeds of 32 kilometers (20 miles) an hour. Biologists studying the dolphin have discovered that, like the shark, the animal's efficient locomotion can be traced to its skin. A dolphin's skin is made up in such a way that it offers very little resistance to the water flowing over it. Normally when a fish or other object moves slowly through the water, the water flows smoothly past the body. This smooth flow is known as laminar flow. However, at faster speeds the water becomes more turbulent along the moving fish. This turbulence muses friction and slows the fish down. H. In a dolphin the skin is so flexible that it bends and yields to the waviness of the water. The waves, in effect, become tucked into the skin's folds. This allows the rest of the water to move smoothly by in a laminar flow. Where other animals would be slowed by turbulent water at rapid speeds, the dolphin can race through the water at record breaking speeds. I. Other Animals Less Efficient Not all animals move as efficiently as sharks and dolphins. Perhaps the greatest loser in locomotion efficiency is the slug. The slug, which looks like a snail without a shell, lays down a slimy trail over which it crawls. It uses so much energy producing the slimy mucus and crawling over it that a mouse traveling the same distance uses only one twelfth as much energy. J. Scientists say that because of the slug's inefficient use of energy, its lifestyle must be restricted. That is, the animals are forced to confine themselves to small areas for obtaining food and finding proper living conditions. Have humans ever been faced with this kind of problem?

单选题Which of the following was NOT a characteristic reason for the proposal of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution and the Volstead Act?

单选题 Private enterprise is the thing. We went to a party on the river earlier this summer. The host {{U}}(31) {{/U}} is old enough to know better, served a lunch made with his home-made wine. As I was driving, I was {{U}}(32) {{/U}} to decline, but my wife politely took a glass and subsequently fell upstairs. The wound {{U}}(33) {{/U}} weekly dressing by the district nurse, a talkative soul who enjoyed the social {{U}}(34) {{/U}} of her work. She stayed for most of the afternoon, admiring things and gossiping about village life. At about the {{U}}(35) {{/U}} time I called in the regional crime officer, to advise me on how to make the house reasonably secure against the child criminals who commit most of the {{U}}(36) {{/U}} in these parts. He, {{U}}(37) {{/U}}, was a companionable soul and made an afternoon of it. And why is it that when I write to a public utility {{U}}(38) {{/U}} as the gas board. I get a printed card to tell they received my letter and will shortly act on it? The money spent on printing, typing, filling in and stamping these cards {{U}}(39) {{/U}} add up to a very large sum indeed, when spread over all these industries. No commercial house sends such acknowledgements. Money, {{U}}(40) {{/U}} it reaches a public service, loses the value that was stamped on it by the trouble to get it.

单选题 Questions6-9 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

单选题 The unique human habit of taking in and employing animals—even competitors like wolves—spurred on human tool-making and language, which have both driven humanity's success, Pat Shipman says, paleoanthropologist of Penn State University. 'Wherever you go in the world, whatever ecosystem (生态系统), whatever culture, people live with animals, ' Shipman said. For early humans, taking in and caring for animals would seem like a poor strategy for survival. 'On the face of it, you are wasting your resources. So this is a very weird behavior, ' Shipman said. But it's not so weird in the context something else humans were doing about 2.6 million years ago: switching from a mostly vegetarian diet to one rich in meat. This happened because humans invented stone hunting tools that enabled them to compete with other top predators. Quite a rapid and bizarre switch for any animal. So we invented the equipment, learned how to track and kill, and eventually took in animals who also knew how to hunt—like wolves and other canines. Others, like goats, cows and horses, provided milk, hair and, finally, hides and meat. Managing all of these animals—or just tracking them—requires technology, knowledge and ways to preserve and convey information. So languages had to develop and evolve to meet the challenges. Tracking game has even been argued to be the origin of scientific inquiry, said Peter Richerson, professor emeritus (名誉退休的) in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, Davis. One of the signs that this happened is in petroglyphs (史前岩画) and other rock art left by ancient peoples. At first they were abstract, geometric patterns that are impossible to decipher (破译). Then they converge on one subject: animals. There have also been genetic changes in both humans and our animals. For the animals those changes developed because human bred them for specific traits, like a cow that gives more milk or a hen that lays more eggs. But this evolutionary influence works both ways. Dogs, for instance, might have been selectively taken in by humans who shared genes for more compassion. Those humans then prospered with the dogs' help in hunting and securing their homes.

单选题An area of rich forests was ______ to life.

单选题After _____ seemed ages,the newsman disclosed the facts.

单选题--Do you think I can use your dictionary? -- ______.

单选题The Federal Government ______ farmers by buying their surplus crops at prices above the market value.

单选题High school and college students today are pushed so much in the direction of specialization ______ little time is left for the further development of the basic reading skills initiated in earlier years.

单选题Agriculture was a step in human progress______which subsepuently was not anything comparable until our own machine age.

单选题 Keep this reference book; it may come in ______ one day.

单选题 Shirley Temple: A Walk on the Bright Side A. There had to be a dark side to Shirley Temple's life. Biographers (传记作者) and interviewers tried to dig it up. The lovely dancing, singing, curly-haired girl, the world's top-earning star from 1935 to 1938, surely shed tears once the cameras were off. Her little feet surely ached. Perhaps, like the main character of Curly Top, she was marched upstairs to bed afterwards by some thin-lipped unpleasant woman, and the lights turned unhesitatingly off. B. Not a bit of it. She loved it all, both then and years later, when the cuteness had gone but the dimples (酒窝) remained. Hadn't her mother pushed her into it? No, just encouraged her, and wrapped her round with affection, including fixing her 56 ringlets (长卷发) every night and gently making her repeat her next day's lines until sleep crept up on her. Hadn't she been punished cruelly while making her Baby Burlesks, when she was three? Well, she had been sent several times to the punishment box, which was dark and had only a block of ice to sit on. But that taught her discipline so that, by the age of four, she would 'always hit the mark'—and, by the age of six, be able to match the great Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson tap-for-tap down the grand stairway in The Little Colonel. C. To some it seemed a stolen childhood, with eight feature films to her name in 1934, her breakthrough year, alone. Not to her, when Twentieth-Century Fox (born out of struggling Fox Studios that year on her shining name alone) built her a little bungalow on the lot, with a rabbit pen and a swing in a tree. She had a bodyguard and a secretary, who by 1934 had to answer 4,000 fan-letters a week. But whenever she wanted to be a tomboy, she was. In the presidential garden at Hyde Park she hit Eleanor Roosevelt on the bottom with her catapult (弹弓), for which her father spanked her. D. The studios were full of friends: Orson Welles, with whom she played croquet (槌球游戏), Gary Cooper, who did colour with her, and the kind camera crews. She loved the strong hands that passed her round like a mascot (吉祥物), and the soft laps on which she sit (J. Edgar Hoover's being the softest). The miniature costumes thrilled her, especially her sailor outfit in Captain January, in which she could sashay (神气活现地走) and jump even better; as did her miniature Oscar in 1935, the only one ever awarded to somebody so young. Grouchy Graham Greene mocked her as 'a complete totsy', but no one watching her five different expressions while eating a forkful of spinach (菠菜) in Poor Little Rich Girl doubted that she could act. She did sadness and fierce determination (sticking out that little chin!), just as well as she did smiles. E. Her face was on the Wheaties box. It was also on the special Wheaties blue bowl and pot, greeting people at breakfast like a ray of morning sunshine. Advertisers loved her, from General Electric to Lux soap to Packard cars. After Stand up and Cheer! in 1934 dolls appeared wearing her polka-dot dress, and after Bright Eyes the music for 'The Good Ship Lollipop' was on every piano, as well as everyone's brains: 'Where bon-bons play/On the sunny beach of Peppermint Bay.' F. Her parents did not tell her there was a Depression on. They mentioned only good things to her. Franklin Roosevelt declared more than once that 'America's Little Darling' made the country feel better, and that pleased her, because she loved to make people happy. She had no idea why they should be otherwise. Her films were all about the sweet child bringing grown-ups back together, emptying misers' (守财奴) pockets and melting frozen hearts. Like the dog star Rin Tin Tin, to whom she cheerfully compared herself, she was the bounding, unwitting antidote (缓解之物) to the gloom of the times. G. She was as vague about money as any child would, and should be. Her earnings by 1935 were more than $1,000 (now $17,000) a week—from which she was allowed about $13 a month in pocket money—and by the end of her career had sailed past $3m (now $29m). But when she found out later that her father had taken bad financial advice, and that only $44,000 was left in the trusts, she did not blame him. She remembered the motto about spilt milk, and got on with her life. H. Things appeared to dive sharply after 1939, when her teenage face—the darker, straighter hair, the troubled look—failed to be a box-office draw. She missed the lead in The Wizard of Oz, too. She shrugged it off; it meant she could go to a proper school for the first time, at Westlake, which was just as exciting as making movies. By 1950 she had stopped making films altogether; well, it was time. She couldn't do innocence any more, and that was what the world still wanted. Her first husband was a drunk and a disaster, but the marriage brought her 'something beautiful', her daughter Susan. The second marriage, anyway, lasted 55 years. She lost a race for Congress in 1967; but when that door closed another opened, as an ambassador to Ghana and Czechoslovakia. Breast cancer was a low point, but she learned to cope with it, and helped others to cope. 'I don't like to do negatives,' she told Michael Parkinson. 'There are always pluses to things.' I. In the films, her sparkling eyes and chubby (胖乎乎的) open arms included everyone; one toss of her shiny curls was an invitation to fun. Her trademark was, it turned out, that rare thing in the world, and rarer still in Hollywood: a genuine smile of delight.

单选题Some of these studies (have shown) that although some people have trouble (to fall asleep), others have an (equally) difficult time (waking up).A. have shownB. to fall asleepC. equallyD. waking up

单选题All the references she has obtained for her doctoral dissertation______about twenty items.

单选题 11月11日由四个1构成，因此每年此日就是光棍节(singles'Day)。20世纪90年代，南京众多大学首先开始庆祝光棍节。正如其名，这个新节日是专门为单身人士设立的。近年来，中国成为世界上互联网用户最多的国家，而单身人士是网购的主力军(main force)，许多电子商务平台(platform)就在光棍节当天开展促销活动以吸引中国不计其数的单身人士前来购物。现在，光棍节已成为中国人疯狂网购的日子。

单选题He ______ with Smith at least four times in the past three years. A. has been seen to meet B. was seen to meet C. had been seen meeting D. is seen meeting

单选题We can see from the available statistics that ______.