阅读理解Long after the 1998 World Cup was won, disappointed fans were still cursing the disputed refereeing (裁判) decisions that denied victory to their team. A researcher was appointed to study the performance of some top referees. The researcher organized an experimental tournament (锦标赛) involving four youth teams. Each match lasted an hour, divided into three periods of 20 minutes during which different referees were in charge. Observers noted down the referees'' errors, of which there were 61 over the tournament. Converted to a standard match of 90 minutes, each referee made almost 23 mistakes, a remarkably high number. The researcher then studied the videotapes to analyze the matches in detail. Surprisingly, he found that errors were more likely when the referees were close to the incident. When the officials got it right, they were, on average, 17 meters away from the action. The average distance in the case of errors was 12 meters. The research shows the optimum (最佳的) distance is about 20 meters. There also seemed to be an optimum speed. Correct decisions came when the referees were moving at a speed of about 2 meters per second. The average speed for errors was 4 meters per second. If FIFA, football''s international ruling body, wants to improve the standard of refereeing at the next World Cup, it should encourage referees to keep their eyes on the action from a distance, rather than rushing to keep up with the ball, the researcher argues. He also says that FIFA''s insistence that referees should retire at age 35 may be misguided. If keeping up with the action is not so important, their physical condition is less critical.

阅读理解The Sunningdale Hotel The Sunningdale Hotel was built in 1910 and opened by Princess Louise

阅读理解Text Two In todays world, insurance plays a vital role in the economic and social welfare of the entire population

阅读理解Passage 2 The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest US on-line service

阅读理解The concept of Emotional Intelligence (EQ or EI) was first defined by Peter Salovey and John Mayer, but it became (1) popular after Daniel Goleman published his bestseller Emotional Intelligence in 1995． A (2) of emotional intelligence is knowing how you and others feel and what to do about it. The control center of our emotions is a small part of our brain called the amygdala (扁桃核). It scans incoming signals from our sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.) and (3) the emotional alarm center of our body. When it (4) a condition that we hate, that we fear, or that could hurt us, it (5) an immediate response from the other parts of our brain that control our actions. The amygdalas (6) web of neural connections allows it, (7) an emotional emergency, to take control of much of the rest of the brain, including the rational mind. This (8) why we sometimes do things without thinking, (9) closing our eyes just before a flying bug hits our face or losing our control during the course of a quarrel. In fact, the importance of EQ for individual success has (10) as a hot topic over the past decade. Many organizations are beginning to realize the importance of EQ and have started to (11) the aspects of EQ that are most essential to success. (12) this is done, they are able to use formal assessment tools to (13) strong candidates. It is easy to see how EQ can 14 on performance as an individual contributor. (15) the increasing importance of teams in todays working world, it is obvious that any role that requires teamwork relies heavily (16) interpersonal insight and proficiency. Even the smartest, most experienced workers can have a(n) (17) impact on team performance if they fail to find ways to get along with others. In a more solitary role like sales, individuals still need to (18) high EQ to recognize how a potential customer is feeling. Success often depends on the ability to identify the customers needs. Those better equipped to (19) . frustration and pressure may be (20) to make mistakes or become injured through poor decision-making.

阅读理解Hawaii, the Aloha State ① Hawaii is sometimes called the Aloha State

阅读理解Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D.. You should deicide the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage ThreeThe popular dietary supplement ginseng is purported to improve one’s mood. The popular dietary supplement ginseng is purported to improve one’s mood and all-around vigor, but a new study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association suggests that ginseng has little of any effect on psychological health. The study, conducted by researchers at Oregon State University and Wayne State University, is one of the most extensive peer-reviewed studies of ginseng ever conducted.“Ginseng is being marketed to relatively healthy young people as a way to feel even better—a kind of yuppie supplement,” said Bradley J. Cardinal, an associate professor in the College of Health and Human Performance at Oregon State. “We found it had no real effect on mood at all. It certainly did not live up to some of its over-enthusiastic marketing claims.” Among the claims, the authors say, were that ginseng enhances mood, leads to positive well-being, and generally makes you feel better. Marketing ploys used to push ginseng promoted its use by astronauts and professional athletes, and claimed it did everything from easing childbirth to working as an aphrodisiac.The study by Cardinal and Hermann J. Engels of Wayne State University focused only on the alleged psychological properties of ginseng. The researchers gave a regular, 200-mg daily dose of ginseng to one group of volunteers for eight weeks. A second group received a double dose of 400-mg daily; the third group received a sugar pill. None of the individuals knew what they were taking. At the end of the eight-week period, the researchers measured the effects of the supplements on the volunteers’ “total mood disturbance” using a 65-question “Profile of Mood States” inventory. To eliminate bias, the researchers evaluated the tests without initially knowing which subjects were taking ginseng and which were taking placebos. They compared the results with a baseline survey of the volunteers taken just prior to the study. They found no significant difference among the three groups.“What these findings on psychological effect do is to extend earlier research from our lab that examined physiological outcomes of ginseng,” said Wayne State University’s Engels. “Our previous research found, using a controlled physical exercise stress test, that ginseng had no effects when given to normal, healthy adults.”

阅读理解Passage B By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging

阅读理解Passage 3 Just hours before Sunday papers with the last drawings of the Peanuts characters began hitting newsstands, the man who created the worlds most popular comic strip died in his sleep at his Santa Rosa, California home

阅读理解PartB题目要求暂无，需要考生总结人物观点然后选择正确选项，类似英语二信息匹配题。【B1】TeriByrdIamaveterinarianwhowasazooandwildlifeparkemployeeforyearsbeforeobtainingmyveterinarydegree.Boththewildlifeparkandzooclaimedtobeoperatingforthebenefitoftheanimalsandforconservationpurposes.Thisclaimwasfalse.Neitheroneofthemactuallyparticipatedinanycontributionstoanimalresearchorconservation.Theyareprofitableinstitutionswhosebottomlineismuchmoreimportantthantheconditionoftheanimals.Animalsdespisebeingcaptivesinzoos.Nomatterhowyou“enhance”enclosures,theydonotallowforfreedom,anaturaldietoradequateexercise.Animalsendupstressedandunhealthyordead.It’spasttimefortransparencywiththeseinstitutions,andit’spasttimetoeliminatezoosfromourculture.【B2】KarenR.SimeAsazoologyprofessorand,thankstomykids,afrequentzoovisitor,IagreewithEmmaMarristhatzoodisplayscanbesadandcruel.Butsheunderestimatestheeducationalvalueofzoos.ThezoologyprogramatmyStateUniversityofNewYorkcampusattractsstudentsforwhomzoovisitswerethecrucialformativeexperiencethatledthemtomajorinbiologicalsciences.Thesearemostlystudentswhohadnoopportunityaschildrentotraveltowildernessareas,wildliferefugesornationalparks.AlthoughgoodTVshowscanhelpstirchildren’sinterestinconservation,theycannotreplacetheexcitementofazoovisitasanintense,immersiveandinteractiveexperience.Theyalsogettomeetadultswhohaveturnedtheirloveforanimalsintoacareer,andwithwhomtheycanidentify.Surelytheremustbesomemiddlegroundthatbalanceszoos’treatmentofanimalswiththeireducationalpotential.【B3】GregNewberryEmmaMarris’articleisaninsultandadisservicetothethousandsofpassionate,dedicatedpeoplewhoworktirelesslytoimprovethelivesofanimalsandprotectourplanet.Ms.Marrisusesoutdatedresearchanddecades-oldexamplestounderminethenoblemissionoforganizationscommittedtoconnectingchildrentoaworldbeyondtheirown.Zoosareattheforefrontofconservationandconstantlyevolvingtoimprovehowtheycareforanimalsandprotecteachspeciesinitsnaturalhabitat.Aretheretragedies?Ofcourse.Buttheyaretheexception,notthenormthatMs.Marrisimplies.Adistressedanimalinazoowillgetasgoodorbettertreatmentthanmostofusatourlocalhospital.【B4】DeanGalleaAsafellowenvironmentalist,animal-protectionadvocateandlongtimevegetarian,IcouldproperlybeinthesamecampasEmmaMarrisontheissueofzoos.ButIbelievethatwell-runzoos,andtheheroicanimalsthatsuffertheircaptivity,doserveahigherpurpose.Wereitnotforopportunitiestoobservethesebeautiful,wildcreaturesclosetohome,manymorepeoplewouldbedrivenbytheirfascinationtotraveltowildareastoseekout,disturbandevenhuntthemdown.Zoosare,inthatsense,similartonaturalhistoryandarchaeologymuseums,servingtosatisfyourneedforcontactwiththeselivingcreatureswhileleavingthevastmajorityundisturbedintheirnaturalenvironments.【B5】JohnFraserEmmaMarrisselectivelydescribesandmisrepresentsthefindingsofourresearch.Ourstudiesfocusedontheimpactofzooexperiencesonhowpeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandnature,andthedatapointsextractedfromourstudiesdonot,inanyway,discountwhatislearnedinazoovisit.Zoosaretoolsforthinking.Ourresearchprovidesstrongsupportforthevalueofzoosinconnectingpeoplewithanimalsandwithnature.Zoosprovideacriticalvoiceforconservationandenvironmentalprotection.Theyaffordanopportunityforpeoplefromallbackgroundstoencounterarangeofanimals,fromdronebeestospringbokorsalmon,tobetterunderstandthenaturalworldwelivein.[A]Zoos,whichsparenoefforttotakecareofanimals,shouldnotbesubjectedtounfaircriticism.[B]Topressurezoostospendlessontheiranimalswouldleadtoinhumaneoutcomesforthepreciouscreaturesintheircare.[C]Whileanimalsincaptivitydeservesympathy,zoosplaysignificantroleinstartingyoungpeopledownthepathofrelatedsciences.[D]Zoossavepeopletripstowildernessareasandthuscontributetowildlifeconservation.[E]Forwildanimalsthatcannotbereturnedtotheirnaturalhabitats,zoosofferthebestalternative.[F]Zoosshouldhavebeencloseddownastheyprioritizemoneymakingoveranimals’well-being.[G]Marrisdistortsourfindingswhichactuallyprovethatzoosserveasanindispensablelinkbetweenmanandnature.

阅读理解Section I Directions: There are 4 passages In this section. After each passage there are 5 questions. Each question is followed by four choices A). B). C). and D). You should choose the best answers to the questions and mark the corresponding letters on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage I Most Americans switch careers at least three times throughout their lives. Gone are the days when people retired from the company where they first worked. The progressive mentality (心态) regarding business and technology often ensures that people move from position to position as they try to find the right career for them. Recent college graduates ask "what career is right for me?" many times in the months before and after graduation Now more than ever, people are also asking “what career is right for me?" into their thirties, forties and fifties. Even baby boomers (生育高峰期出生的人)are asking “what job is right for me?" as they retire and reenter the workforce in their sixties and seventies. It seems that every employee in America is wondering which career path fits him or her best. When you find yourself asking "what career is best for me?", follow some of these simple tips to set yourself straight on the best path for you. 1. Consult a website and take its test to see which career path might be right for you. 2. Think about whether you are happy with your current job.3. Emphasize your skills in your resume. 4. Do more research about the new career.Recent college graduates ask "what career is right for me?" many times in the months before and after graduation Now more than ever, people are also asking “what career is right for me?" into their thirties, forties and fifties. Even baby boomers (生育高峰期出生的人)are asking “what job is right for me?" as they retire and reenter the workforce in their sixties and seventies. It seems that every employee in America is wondering which career path fits him or her best. When you find yourself asking "what career is best for me?", follow some of these simple tips to set yourself straight on the best path for you. According to the first paragraph, most Americans now ______.

阅读理解 In an ideal world, the nation's elite schools would enroll the most qualified students. But that's not how it works. Applicants whose parents are alumni get special treatment, as so athletes and rich kids. Underrepresented minorities are also given preference. Thirty years of affirmative action have changed the complexion of mostly white universities; now about 13 percent of all undergraduates are black or Latino. But most come from middle-and upper middle-class families. Poor kids of all ethnicities remain scarce. A recent study by the Century Foundation found that at the nation's 146 most competitive schools, 74 percent of students came from upper-middle-class and wealthy families, while only about 5 percent came from families with an annual income of roughly $ 35,000 or less. Many schools say diversity—racial, economic and geographic—is key to maintaining intellectually vital campuses. But Richard Kahlenberg of the Century Foundation says that even though colleges claim they want poor kids, 'they don't try very hard to find them.' As for rural students, many colleges don't try at all. 'Unfortunately, we go where we can generate a sizable number of potential applicants, ' says Tulane admissions chief Richard Whiteside, who recruits aggressively—and in person-from metropolitan areas. Kids in rural areas get a glossy brochure in the mail. Even when poor rural students have the grades for top colleges, their high schools often don't know how to get them there. Admissions officers rely on guidance counselors to direct them to promising prospects. In affluent high schools guidance counselors often have personal relationships with both kids and admissions officers. In rural areas, a teacher, a counselor or even an alumnus 'can help put rural students on our radar screen,' says Wesleyan admissions dean Nancy Meislahn. But poor rural schools rarely have college advisers with those connections; without them, admission ' can be a crapshoot,' says Carnegie Mellon's Steidel. In the past few years some schools have begun to open that door a little wider. At MIT it's something of a mission for Marilee Jones, the dean of admissions. Twenty years ago, 25 percent of each MIT class was first-generation college goers from poor backgrounds who used the celebrated engineering school as a ticket out of the blue-collar world. Five years ago, when that number dipped below 10 percent, Jones began scouring the country for bright kids, and then paired the potential applicants with MIT faculty and students who could answer questions about college life. In four years Jones has doubled the number of poor first-generation students at MT.

阅读理解 Hypothetically, let's say you ran a fancy private elementary school. Like other private schools in the region, you're competing to put out the brightest kids. And one of the ways you engineer this is through your admissions process—you try to select the kids who will get the most out of what your school has to offer, kids who can handle the intellectual challenge, and who don't disrupt the class. So, if you're like other private schools, you bring the five-year-old applicants in for some intellectual assessment, and you also set up some games and playrooms for them so that you can watch them for an hour or two—to monitor their behavior. You're looking for kids who get upset, withdraw, can't wait for their turn, dominate other kids, can't sit still, don't pay attention to the instructions, etc. Then you admit the kids who looked best. This seems innocuous. It's common practice. However, according to an ongoing study in Germany, what you might have done will just reject some of the very best kids. This study, by Gisela Trommsdorff and Antje Von Suchodoletz, is following a group of kids who are making the transition from kindergarten to first grade. At the beginning of kindergarten, the scholars measured these kids' reasoning ability with a test of their nonverbal intelligence. They also measured their goal-oriented self-control with a variation of Mischel's marshmallow task and a persistence test. The persistence test, for kids of this age, goes like this: kids are asked to draw a big circle. Then they're told by a teacher it's not quite circular enough, it's not good enough— do they want to try again? The child tries again. Every time, the teacher responds it's not circular enough. Of course, nobody can draw a perfect circle. What the test measures is how long a child can hang in there, continuing to try, when confronted with negative feedback. Some kids quit quickly, while others keep going through endless trials. The scholars also got teachers to fill out behavioral-rating questionnaires about the children. We would expect that kids with higher reasoning ability plus higher persistence and self-control would have less behavior problems. However, the scholars saw a very dramatic trend in the other direction: High reasoning ability+High persistence/self-control=More behavior problems, not less. What the scholars believe is that Non-Verbal Intelligence disrupts the expected relationship between self-control and behavior. Theoretically, self-control and behavior should go hand in hand, and for low-IQ kids, that's absolutely true. But not for kids who are well above average in reasoning ability. Why this is the case probably has something to do with the distinction between goal-oriented tasks and normal social interactions like playgroups where there is no actual goal to focus upon. Smart kids' behavior in the latter context is probably not a good proxy for their-ability to apply themselves in the former context.

阅读理解Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Culture is the total sum of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group ofhuman beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilizedit may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, justas to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech,consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a seriesof grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of “backward” languages that no spokentongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severestandards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas.They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, whichusually fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflects theobjects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to benoted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by puttingtogether words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them totheir own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward”languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. Anaccidental language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this” and “that”);some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to theperson addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultureare to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.

阅读理解Passage 1 As the 21st century begins, a number of leaders in politics, education, and other professions believe that the United States must adopt some new values to go along the older traditional ones

阅读理解Passage 1 The California lawmakers voted Thursday to raise the legal age to buy tobacco products from 18 to 21

阅读理解In spite of rising concern in the Northeast and Canada, Administration spokesmen have repeatedly insisted that nothing could really be done about acid rain and the industry-produced sulfur emissions until all the scientific facts were in. Suddenly last week, however, facts came raining down, in effect making further scientific debate on what mainly causes the problem all but irrelevant. 　　What brought about the downpour was a study commissioned by Presidential Science Adviser. The spokesmen plainly called for remedial action even if some technical questions about acid rain were still unanswered. "If we take the conservative point of view that we must wait until the scientific knowledge is definitive," said the spokesman, "the accumulated deposition and damaged environment may reach the point of ''irreversibility''." 　　When it rains, it pours. Next came a study from the National Research Council. Its definitive conclusion: reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants and factories, such as these in the Midwest, would in fact significantly reduce the acidity in rain, snow and other precipitation(降水) that is widely believed to be worsening the life from fresh-water lakes and forests in the Northeast and Canada. The spokesman did not recommend any specific action. 　　A pair of remedial measures are already taken before Congress. A Senate committee recently approved a bill that would require reduction over the next decade of sulfur-dioxide emissions by 10 million tons in the States bordering on the east of the Mississippi. A tougher measure was introduced in the House ordering the 50 largest sulfur polluters in the U. S. to cut emissions substantially. To ease the Eastern coal mining industry, which fears a switch to low-sulfur Western coal, the bill requires the installation of expensive "scrubbers", devices for removing sulfur from the smoke, rather than an order that forbids high-sulfur fuel. Still, the legislation is being vigorously opposed by the coal industry and utilities, especially in the Mid-west, where heavy industries are battling to survive. In a survey also released last week, the Edison Electric Institute , an industry group, gravely predicted that electricity rates could rise as much as 50% if the emission-control legislation passed. 　　Government studies dispute these figures, but Congress has been suspended on acid-rain measures. Now, as a result of the academy study, supporters of the bills are more optimistic. Nevertheless, a major political battle is shaping up.

阅读理解Passage2Passage2uy medical insurance to help pay for medical care.The government only helps pay for some medical care for the old and the people who are on low incomes.The problems ofThose who can not afford insurance have become an important political subject.(68）In Britain,when people are ill they usually go to a family doctor first.However,People in America some times go straight to an expert.Children are usually taken to a doctor  who is an expert in the treatment of children.In Britain,if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor,their family doctor will usually recommend a specialist,which will save more time and money both for the patients and the public fund(基金).In Britain, doctors do not go to people's homes when they are i.People always make appointments to see the doctor in the doctor's office.In a serious situation,people call for an ambulance.(69)In America,hospitals must treat all seriously ill patients, even if they do not have medical insurance,The government will then help pay for some  of the cost of the medical care.The majority of Americans pay for medical care.

阅读理解Where can the text be found?