阅读理解Passage 2 Space flight and air travel would astound time travelers from the mid-19th century

阅读理解In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of space on daytime television

阅读理解Late Victorian and modern ideas of culture are always, in some sense, attributed to Matthew Arnold, who, largely through his Culture and Anarchy (1869) , placed the word at the center of debates about the goals of intellectual life and humanistic society. Arnold defined culture as "the pursuit of total perfection by means of getting to know, on all matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world". It was Arnold''s hope that, through this knowledge, we can turn "a fresh and free thought upon our stock notions and habits". Although Arnold''s thinking about culture helped to define the purposes of the liberal arts curriculum in the century following the publication of Culture, three concrete forms of disagreement with Arnold''s views have had considerable impact of their own. 　　The first can be seen as protesting Arnold''s fearful destination of "anarchy" as culture''s enemy. This division seems to set up simply one more version of the old struggle between a privileged power structure and radical challenges to its authority. Arnold certainly tried to define the arch-the lawful order of value-against what he saw as the an-arch existentialist democracy, yet he himself was annoyed in his soul by the blind pride of the reactionary powers in his world. 　　Another form of opposition saw Arnold''s culture as an absurd perpetuation of classical and literary learning, outlook, and privileges in a world where science had become the new arch and from which any really new order of thinking must develop. At the center of the "two cultures" debate were the goals of the formal curriculum in the educational system, which is always taken to be the principal vehicle through which Arnoldian culture operates. However, Arnold himself had viewed culture as enacting its life in a much more broadly conceived set of institutions. 　　Today, however, Arnoldian culture is sustained, if indirectly, by multiculturalism, a movement aimed largely at gaining recognition for voices and visions that Arnoldian culture has implicitly suppressed. At the level of educational practice, the multiculturalists are interested in lessening the arbitrary authority that "high culture" exercises over the curriculum while bringing into play the principle that we must learn what is representative, for we have overemphasized what is exceptional. The multiculturalists'' conflict with Arnoldian culture has clear similarities to the radical critique; yet multiculturalism affirms Arnold by returning us more specifically to a tension inherent in the idea of culture rather than to the culture-anarchy division. 　　The social critics, defenders of science, and multiculturalists insist that Arnold''s culture is simply a device for ordering us about. Instead, it is designed to register the gathering of ideological clouds on the horizon. There is no utopian motive in Arnold''s celebration of perfection. The idea of perfection mattered to Arnold as the only background against which we could form a just image of our actual circumstances, just as we can conceive finer sunsets and unheard melodies. This capacity which all humans possess, Arnold made the foundation and authority of culture.

阅读理解Text 5 Good Value Britain TRAVELING IN SCOTLAND Scotland Travelpass gives you the freedom to use trains, buses and boats in Scotland as much as you like for a fixed period of time, at any time

阅读理解 Like many Americans, Mark Seery watched the Virginia Tech school shooting unfold on the cable news networks in April 2007. It wasn't just the catastrophe that disturbed him—it was how some psychologists were advising the campus community to respond in the wake of the devastating tragedy. 'There's a sense that's very much alive within the professional community that if people don't talk about what they're feeling, and try to suppress it, somehow it will only rebound down the road and make things worse,' says Seery, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Buffalo. That, says Seery, is one of many examples of situations in which the first response to a tragedy's psychological ramifications is to encourage victims and bystanders to talk about their emotions in the wake of the event. That idea is constantly reinforced by a battery of television therapists who harp on the importance of sharing your feelings. But is that really the best medicine? Seery's new research offers an alternative to that philosophy. His work suggests that those who do not reveal their feelings in the wake of a collective trauma turn out just fine, if not better, than those who do. Seery used an online survey to query a national sample about their reactions to the 9/11 attacks, beginning on the day itself. The respondents were divided into two groups: those who said they were initially unwilling to talk about their feelings, and the rest. At the end of the two-year survey period, those who decided not to share their feelings reported fewer related mental and physical problems. That effect was even more pronounced among those who lived close to the tragedy. Seery also found an interesting correlation between the level of sharing and well-being. Participants could decide how much they wanted to report about their feelings on the survey. Seery found that there was a correlation between those who wrote the lengthier, more in-depth descriptions of their feelings and those who had worse mental and physical statuses. Does the study turn conventional wisdom completely on its head, suggesting that it's better to stay quiet in the aftermath of a traumatic event? Not quite. Seery explains that the respondents who felt the need to divulge their emotions started off in a worse mental and physical state in the first place, likely a bit more susceptible to the stress of a collective traumatic event. 'The people who were talking were probably more distressed by the event,' says Seery. 'The initial distress motivated them to want to have some place to talk about it...whereas people who chose not to talk were less likely to say that they were trying cope.' The take-home message, then, is that there is no one right way to react to traumatic events; there is a wide range of normal and healthy responses to tragedy.

阅读理解Unless you are one of those fortunate few who met their soul-mate in grade school, married right out of high school, and spent the next 60 years in wedded bliss you are going to go through what millions before you have gone through, and what millions after you will go through — a broken heart. 【B6】______While some simply shake the dust off and get right back into the dating game, others are left so devastated that they never date again, spending the rest of their life in bitter solitude. Why the difference? For most of us who experience a breakup a normal grieving period will occur; Denial and Isolation, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and finally Acceptance.【B7】______Others remain either bitter or so afraid of getting hurt that they never date again, closing off their hearts to just about everyone. 【B8】______ Why the variation? Well, a lot of it has to do with our loving style. 【B9】______While one person may love another in a supportive and healthy way, another person may cling onto their mate simply as a way to fix what they imagine to be wrong with themselves. They use their partner as a method of dealing with their own imagined inadequacies or feelings of unworthiness — feeling good only as long as they are in the relationship. Others simply like the “high”of being in love. This high becomes addictive to them and they hop from one relationship instantly into another — often times head-over-heels in love by the second date. Still others simply surrender themselves into their relationships quickly losing themselves and their own sense of individuality, becoming “the relationship.”【B10】______ A healthy view of oneself, one’s partner, and one’s relationship is essential to withstanding the ups, and downs, in our eternal search for that special someone to share our lives with. A. There are many loving styles ranging from the very healthy, to the desperately needy. B. The pain experienced during a breakup is as individual as the millions of people who go through it. C. But for some, the grief and devastation are so severe that they end up hospitalized, and even suicidal. D. They recklessly seek “love”much as an addict will seek a “fix,”and are often so in need of being in love that they imagine their partners to have all the qualities they are looking for in a mate — whether their partners actually possess these qualities or not. E. Should the relationship end, then shall they, too. F. Yet, some don’t even grieve at all, subconsciously choosing to simply transfer their feelings for one person immediately onto that of another person in what is called a rebound relationship.

阅读理解Picture-taking is a technique both for annexing the objective world and for expressing the singular self

阅读理解It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia''s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably iii patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group''s on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess:" We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn''t just something that happened in Australia. It''s world history." 　　The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief; others, including churches, right-w-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the fide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia―where an aging population, life-extending technology'' and changing community attitudes have all played their part―other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada ,where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling. 　　Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death―probably by a deadly injection or pill―to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I''m not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I''d go, because I''ve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.

阅读理解Passage 1 According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, todays traditional-age college freshmen are more materialistic and less altruisticthan at any time in the 17 years of the poll

阅读理解The passage mainly discusses_______ .

阅读理解Section C A buld-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways toobtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available

阅读理解As you are students of English, its very possible that youll be interested in England

阅读理解Questions 31 to 40 are based on the following passage

阅读理解Passage 2 On a frigid afternoon in May, I slipped through a crack in the sea ice and dropped into the Arctic Ocean

阅读理解[A] Stay calm [B] Stay humble [C] Dont make judgments [D] Be realistic about the risks [E] Decide whether to wait [F] Ask permission to disagree [G] Identify a shared goal How to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than You Your boss proposes a new initiative you think wont work

阅读理解We mayinfer from the last paragraph that

阅读理解Why are more geniuses known to the public?

阅读理解Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease—and put the spotlight (注意的中心) squarely on dietary fat. What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. "Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest," Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions. For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods—the brand behind Welch’s 100% Grape Juice—found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function.Another, funded by Quaker Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that "hot oatmeal (燕麦粥) breakfast keeps you full for longer. " Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015. "It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry," says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. "When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for. " And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding. Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的) when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. "Rely on health experts who’ve reviewed all the evidence," Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines, which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies. "And that expert advice remains pretty simple," says Nestle. "We know what healthy diets are— lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally. "

阅读理解Passage 3 As I write, a gentle, much needed rain is falling this morning

阅读理解Directions: In this section, there are 3 passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and thenwrite ONE best answer for each question on your ANSWER SHEET.Passage 2Practically speaking, the artistic maturing of the cinema was the single-handed achievement of David W. Griffith (1875-1848). Before Griffith, photography in dramatic films consisted of little more than placing the actors before a stationary camera and showing them in full length as they would have appeared on stage. From the beginning of his career as a director, however, Griffith, because of his love of Victorian painting, employed composition. He conceived of the camera image as having a foreground and a rear ground, as well as the middle distance preferred by most directors. By 1910 he was using close-ups to reveal significant details of the scene or of the acting and extreme long shots to achieve a sense of spectacle and distance. His appreciation of the camera’s possibilities produced novel dramatic effects. By splitting an event into fragments and recording each from the most suitable camera position, he could significantly vary the emphasis from camera shot to camera shot.Griffith also achieved dramatic effects by means of creative editing. By juxtaposing images and varying the speed and rhythm of their presentation, he could control the dramatic intensity of the events as the story progressed. Despite the reluctance of his producers, who feared that the public would not be able to follow a plot that was made up of such juxtaposed images, Griffith persisted, and experimented as well with other elements of cinematic syntax that have become standard ever since. These included the flashback, permitting broad psychological and emotional exploration as well as narrative that was not chronological, and the crosscut between two parallel actions to heighten suspense and excitement. In thus exploiting fully the possibilities of editing, Griffith transposed devices of the Victorian novel to film and gave film mastery of time as well as space.Besides developing the cinema’s language, Griffith immensely broadened its range and treatment of subjects. His early output was remarkably eclectic: it included not only the standard comedies, melodramas, westerns, and thrillers, but also such novelties as adaptations from Browning and Tennyson, and treatments of social issues. As his successes mounted, his ambitions grew, and with them the whole of American cinema.When he remade Enoch Arden in 1911, he insisted that a subject of such importance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. Griffith’s introduction of the American-made multi-reel picture began an immense revolution. Two years later, Judith of Bethulia, an elaborate historicophilosophical spectacle, reached the unprecedented length of four reels, or one hour’s running time. From our contemporary viewpoint, the pretension of this film may seem a trifle ludicrous, but at the time it provoked endless debate and discussion and gave a new intellectual respectability to the cinema.