阅读理解Passage 7 I dated a woman for a whilea literary type, well-read, lots of books in her placewhom I admired a bit too extravagantly, and one Christmas I decided to give her something unusually nice and, Im afraid, unusually expensive

阅读理解Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts among the doctor of philosophy candidates andthe consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph

阅读理解Passage 1 Racket, din clamor, noise, whatever you want to call it, unwanted sound is Americas most widespread nuisance

阅读理解Text 4 States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states

阅读理解Questions 81 to 90 are based on the following passage

阅读理解 For sniveling children and disobedient carnivores, requests that they should eat five portions of fruit and vegetables every day have mostly fallen on deaf ears. But those who did comply with official advice from charities, governments and even the mighty World Health Organization (WHO), could remind themselves, rather smugly, that the extra greens they forced down at lunchtime would greatly reduce their chances of getting cancer. Until now, that is. Because a group of researchers led by Paolo Boffetta, of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, have conducted a new study into the link between cancer and the consumption of fruit and vegetables, and found it to be far weaker than anyone had thought. In the past, veggie-associated reductions of cancer-risk rates as high as 50% had been reported. But such studies try to identify the factors contributing to cancer by comparing people who have the disease with those who do not, but are otherwise similar. The problem is that they can easily be biased if researchers do not adequately establish that the two groups being compared are, indeed, otherwise similar. Dr. Boffetta and his colleagues have therefore carried out a different kind of study, known as prospective cohort study, which they report in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Their work follows a group of individuals over time and looks at how different factors contribute to different outcomes—in this case, the development of cancer. Analysis of dietary data from almost 500, 000 people in Europe found only a weak association between high fruit and vegetable intake and reduced overall cancer risk. According to Susan Jebb, of the British Medical Research Council's Collaborative Centre for Human Nutrition Research in Cambridge, the new study suggests that if Europeans increased their consumption of fruit and vegetables by 150g a day (about two servings, or 40% of the WHO's recommended daily allowance), it would result in a decrease of just 2.6% in the rate of cancers in men and 2. 3% in women. Even those who eat virtually no fruit and vegetables, the paper suggests, are only 9% more likely to develop cancer than those who stick to the WHO recommendations. However, a separate investigation of the people involved in Dr. Boffetta's study suggests that those who eat five servings a day of fruit and vegetables have a 30% lower incidence of heart disease and strokes than those who eat less than one and a half servings. It is also possible that some specific foods, such as tomatoes, broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, do offer protective effects against particular kinds of cancer. As a consequence, the best advice is probably still to eat your five a day. But for snivelling children and recalcitrant carnivores the fleeting thought that you might not have to was nice while it lasted.

阅读理解Passage 3 Present-day philosophers usually envision their discipline as an endeavor that has been, since antiquity, distinct from and superior to any particular intellectual discipline, such as theology or science

阅读理解Buck was a tall, weathered man in a red hunting shirt and khaki pants

阅读理解 Before a big exam, a sound night's sleep Will do you better than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. One says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then 'edited' at night, to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of sleep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know Was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern—what is referred to as 'artificial grammar'. Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more, those with more to learn (i. e. the 'grammar', as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The 'editing' theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.

阅读理解Wrong choices and unwise options can daze our lives

阅读理解It is widely accepted that English is the global language of modern times

阅读理解Text 3 As a historian whos always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, Ive become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?)

阅读理解Text 4 Amold Schwarzenegger, Dia Mirza and Adrian Grenier have a message for you: Its easy to beat plastic

阅读理解【A】Create a new image of yourself 　　【B】Decide if the time is right 　　【C】Have confidence in yourself 　　【D】Understand the context 　　【E】Work with professionals 　　【F】Know your goals 　　【G】Make it efficient 　　No matter how formal or informa the work environment，the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University，people assess your competence，trustworthiness，and likeability in just a tenth of a second，solely based on the way you look. 　　The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success” era is that the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than a decade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing. 　　So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhance our goals? Here are some tips; 　　41. 　　 　　As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions---when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK. 　　42.　 　　 　　Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more“SoHo”.(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.) 　　43. 　　 　　Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What converys status? Who are your most important audiences? How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact. 　　44. 　　 　　Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you might think. 　　45. 　　 　　The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time passing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all your clothes　once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.

阅读理解We are going to Florida as soon as we (finish) ______ taking our final exams.

阅读理解Hawaiis native minority is demanding a greater degree of sovereignty over its own affairs

阅读理解 The United States and England each has a major—and unique—health-care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of senior citizens in the two countries. The study, conducted by researchers from RAND Corporation in the United States and Institute for Fiscal Studies in the United Kingdom, found that disease and health disorder incidence was higher among U.S. senior citizens, but mortality rates were higher among English senior citizens. Americans aged 65 and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their English counterparts and more than double the rate of cancer. Nevertheless, death rate among Americans 65 and older is lower. 'Americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer,' says James Smith, a study co-author. He attributes the U.S. health problems to lifestyle factors, including poor eating habits and inadequate exercise. Americans tend to eat much larger servings of food, for example, 'There is what I call an American palte. When we go to a restaurant, it's plate I can't even eat any more. It's a plate with so much food on if it's not even appealing to me.' Smith also says that English adults are generally much more physically active than Americans. Biking and walking are much common in everyday life in England. He observes that 'there is a lot of walking in London, and there is a lot of bicycle riding. I don't see people in downtown Los Angeles on their bicycles'. On the other hand, England's problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough. American doctors tend to screen patients for cancer, diabetes, and other illnesses more frequently. Smith notes 'American medicine is much more aggressive. It leads to high costs, but it has benefits, too'.

阅读理解Passage 4 Recent findings in the southeast corner of Washington indicate that prehistoric hunters roamed the area 10,000 years ago, and perhaps even earlier

阅读理解Text 2 Running may be the single most effective exercise to increase life expectancy, according to a new review and analysis of past research about exercise and premature death