已选分类
经济学理论经济学
问答题考虑一个生活T期的经济主体,其终生效用函数为(Ct),其中,u'(·)>0,u〞(·)<0,初始财富为A0,每期的消费量为Ct,每期的收入为Yt,其中t=1,…,T,利率为0。那么,为什么政府的一次暂时性的减税对提高该经济主体消费量的作用微乎其微?请用永久收入假说解释。
问答题在美国,资本在GDP中的份额为30/%左右;产出的平均增长为每年3/%左右;折旧率为每年4/%左右;资本—产出比率为2.5左右。假设生产函数是柯布—道格拉斯生产函数,因此,资本在产出中的份额是不变的,而且,美国已经处于稳定状态。 a.在初始稳定状态,储蓄率应该是多少?[提示:使用稳定状态的关系式:sy=(δ+n+g)k] b.在初始稳定状态,资本的边际产量是多少? c.假设公共政策提高了储蓄率,从而使经济达到了资本的黄金律水平。在黄金律稳定状态,资本的边际产量将是多少?比较黄金稳定状态的边际产量和初始稳定状态的边际产量,并解释。 d.在黄金律稳定状态,资本—产出比率将是多少?(提示:对柯布—道格拉斯生产函数来说,资本—产出比率与资本的边际产量是相关的。) e.要达到黄金律稳定状态,储蓄率必须是多少? In the United States, the capital share of GDP is about 30 percent; the average growth in output is about 3 percent per year; the depreciation rate is about 4 percent per year; and the capital-output ratio is about 2.5. Suppose that the production function is Cobb-Douglas, So that the capital share in output is constant, and that the United States has been in a steady state. a.What must the saving rate be in the initial steady state? [Hint: Use the steady-state relationship, sy=(δ+n+g)k] b.What is the marginal product of capital in the initial steady state? c.Suppose that public policy raises the saving rate So that the economy reaches the Golden Rule level of capital. What will the marginal product of capital be at the Golden Rule steady state? Compare the marginal product at the Golden Rule steady state to the marginal product in the initial steady state. Explain. d.What will the capital-output ratio be at the Golden Rule steady state? (Hint: For the Cobb-Douglas production function, the capital-output ratio is related to the marginal product of capital.) e.What must the saving rate be to reach the Golden Rule steady state?
问答题假定失业与通货膨胀之间的取舍关系是由菲利普斯曲线决定的:u=un-α(π-πe)。式中,u为失业率;un为自然失业率;π为通货膨胀率;而πe为预期的通货膨胀率。此外,假定民主党总是遵循高货币增长的政策,而共和党总是遵循低货币增长的政策。你预测在以下条件下通货膨胀与失业之间“政治性经济周期”的形式是什么? a.根据一枚硬币的随机抛掷,每4年两党中的一党执政。[提示:在大选之前预期的通货膨胀将如何?] b.两党轮流执政。 Suppose that the tradeoff between unemployment and inflation is determined by the Phillips curve: u=un-α(π-πe), where u denotes the unemployment rate, un the natural rate, π the rate of inflation, and πe the expected rate of inflation. In addition, suppose that the Democratic party always follows a policy of high money growth and the Republican party always follows a policy of low money growth. What“political business cycle”pattern of inflation and unemployment would you predict under the following conditions? a.Every four years, one of the parties takes control based on a random flip of a coin. (Hint: What will expected inflation be prior to the election?) b.The two parties take turns.
问答题在发生通货膨胀特别是严重的通货膨胀时,为什么居民的实际收入或资产会受到损失而减少?减少的收入“流”到哪里了?
问答题菜单成本
问答题假定将持久性收入计算为过去5年的平均收入,即
YP=1/5(Y+Y
-1
+Y
-2
+Y
-3
+Y
-4
) (P1)
再假定消费给定为C=0.9YP。
问答题从相信各代人利他主义的人的角度评价代际核算的用处。然后从相信许多消费者面临约束性借贷制约的人的角度评价代际核算的用处。 Evaluate the usefulness of generational accounting from the perspective of someone who believes that generations are altruistically linked. Now evaluate the usefulness of generational accounting from the perspective of someone who believes that many consumers face binding borrowing constraints.
问答题简要评价哈罗德—多马经济增长模型。
问答题任何一个时间任何一个城市中,总有一些有用的机构是闲置的。这种闲置的机构空间是没有得到利用的资本。你如何解释这种现象?这是一个社会问题吗? In any city at any time, some of the stock of usable office space is vacant. This vacant office space is unemployed capital. How would you explain this phenomenon? Is it a social problem?
问答题试分析在人民币升值背景下,中国宏观调控政策中利率和汇率政策协调关系。
问答题假定货币需求L=0.2Y,货币供给M=1.0,消费函数C=40+0.8YD税收T=50,投资I=140-10r,政府支出G=50,试求:
问答题实际GDP
问答题(1)以文字解释乘数αG与总需求的利率敏感性如何以及为什么会影响IS曲线的斜率。
(2)解释IS曲线的斜率为什么是决定货币政策作用的因素。
问答题全要素生产率
问答题已知:C=50+0.75Y,I=150(单位:亿元)。试求:
(1)均衡的收入、消费、储蓄和投资各为多少?
(2)若投资增加25,在新的均衡下,收入、消费和储蓄各为多少?
(3)如果消费函数的斜率增大或减小,乘数有何变化?
问答题在凯恩斯交叉图中,假设消费函数如下:
C=200+0.75(Y-T)
计划投资是100;政府购买和税收都是100。
a.画出作为收入函数的计划支出。
b.均衡的收入水平是多少?
c.如果政府购买增加到125,新的均衡收入是多少?
d.为了达到1600美元的收入,需要的政府购买水平是多少?
问答题1996年4月1日,快餐连锁店塔可钟(Taco Bell)在《纽约时报》上刊登了整版广告和这样一条新闻:“为了努力帮助国家减少国债,塔可钟愉快地宣布。我们已经同意购买我国历史珍品自由钟。现在它将称为塔可自由钟,并将仍然向美国公众开放参观,我们希望我们的动机会促使其他公司采取类似的行动,以减少国家的债务。”按照现在的衡量标准,美国公司的这种行动能实际减少国债吗?如果美国政府采用资本预算,你的回答会有什么改变?你认为这些行动代表了政府负债的真正减少吗?你认为塔可钟对这个计划是认真的吗?(提示:注意日期。) On April 1, 1996, Taco Bell, the fast-food chain, ran a full-page ad in the New York Times with this news:“In an effort to help the national debt, Taco Bell is pleased to announce that we have agreed to purchase the Liberty Bell, one of our countrys most historic treasures. It will now be called the Taco Liberty Bell and will still be accessible to the American public for viewing. We hope our move will prompt other corporations to take similar action to do their part to reduce the countrys debt.” Would such actions by U.S. corporations actually reduce the national debt as it is now measured? How would your answer change if the U.S. government adopted capital budgeting? Do you think these actions represent a true reduction in the governments indebtedness? Do you think Taco Bell was serious about this plan? (Hint: Note the date.)
问答题三部门经济
问答题汇率变动对IS、BP曲线的影响
问答题宏观经济管理的目标之一是国际收支平衡。什么是国际收支平衡?中国的国际收支为什么不平衡?中国可否短期内改变这种不平衡?给出你的判断及其理由。
