填空题蛋白质的跨膜需要______的引导，分子伴侣的作用是______。

填空题由hnRNA转变成mRNA的加工过程，包括在5’末端加________和3’末端加________的结构。

填空题无义突变是将一种氨基酸的______转变成______密码子，结果使蛋白质链______。一个碱基的插入或______叫______突变。由于三联______的移动，突变位置______的整个氨基酸序列都会被改变。上述两种类型的突变(插入和缺失)所产生的蛋白质同______不同，通常是完全______。

填空题一般可通过等电聚焦电泳来测定蛋白质的______。

填空题 基因工程的主要步骤包括( ), ( ), ( )和( )。

填空题RNA聚合酶Ⅱ的启动子也包含若干序列元件，只是它们比聚合酶Ⅰ和聚合酶Ⅲ的启动子更加复杂多样。首先，在转录起始位点附近发现一个松散保守的______序列(即______)。很多聚合酶Ⅱ的启动子在起始位点上游约25个核苷酸处具有一个______框。这种元件的共有序列是______，除了位置不同外，它与原核生物的______元件很相似。它是第一个识别聚合酶Ⅱ的因子______的结合位点。

填空题两个基因在______上的距离的数量单位称为图距。1%重组值去掉其百分率的数值定义为一个图距单位，后人为纪念现代遗传学的奠基人______，将图距单位称为______。

填空题The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! (41)______ People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast. Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow. It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning. Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time. Some have been here so long that now they are cold. They are called dead volcanoes. They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke. It is safe to walk on them. Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes, and people have built houses there. Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock, but they still smoke a little now and then. They are "sleeping" volcanoes. Sometime they may "wake up". (42)______. Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago. Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do, and we can usually tell when they are going to do it. (43)______. People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes. They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon's breath. They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon's moving around down in the earth. Now we know that this is not true. Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don't happen just anywhere. (44)______. Scientists know where these places are, and maps have been made to let everybody know. There are different kinds of volcanoes. Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away. A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world. They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple. (45)______. One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time. It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean. Sailors can use it for a lighthouse. [A] Other volcanoes are more gentle. The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows, rolling slowly down the mountainside, where it becomes cool and hard. [B] Black smoke puffed out. Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes. Hot rock and fire and lava shot out. [C] Smoke puffed up, and rock started popping up out of a crack that opened in the ground. [D] A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years. But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities. [E] Before a sleeping volcano wakes up, it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder, and the ground shakes in small earthquakes. People are warned and have time to get away safely. [F] A volcano starts from a hole in the ground from which hot rock and smoke and steam come out. Far, far under the ground it is so hot that rock melts. This hot melted rock, or lava, is some-times pushed out of the earth through a hole or a crack in the ground. The steam inside the earth pushes the rock out. [G] There are certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily.

填空题______“补充”tRNA分子，而______催化肽链的合成。

填空题cAMP-CRP复合物存在于______、______、______操纵子中。这个复合物与______的结合是这些操纵子mRNA合成所必需的。

填空题[A]However,theproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatis,inturn,encodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarieties,oneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.Apersonmaythushavenone,oneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17,sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosterone(thestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluse)andcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected.[B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegene(whichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEG),comparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount.[C]Thetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurine,testosteroneglucuronide(TG)andepitestosteroneglucuronide(EG).Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendown,whilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolism,andcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.Anyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatteris,accordingtoofficialOlympicpolicy,consideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests.[D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast,14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen.[E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroids(inotherwords,artificialtestosterone)wasintroducedinthe1970s,andtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresult(seechart).Thetests,however,arenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinologyMetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual'sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotype,tousethejargon,mayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent.[F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontest,andtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.Thesedays,however,suchstimulantsarefrownedon,andthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgency,whichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem.[G]Inthemeantime,DrSchulze'sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism",butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofile,justincase.Order:

填空题如果DNA聚合酶把一个不正确的核苷酸加到3端，一个含3→5活性的独立催化区会将这个错配碱基切去。这个催化区称为______酶。

填空题cDNA技术是进行真核生物基因克隆的一种通用方法，因为它可以用______为模板，通过反转录合成一个双链的、无______的基因，因而有利于在原核细胞中进行功能表达。

填空题野生型的λ噬菌体DNA不宜作为基因工程载体，原因是：①______；②______；③______。

填空题人腺病毒基因组DNA复制时，其5'端的结合蛋白起到了______作用。

填空题______催化肽键的形成，一般认为这个催化反应是由核糖体大亚基上的______分子介导的。

填空题 用于遗传作图的常用标记是( )。(列举其中五种)

填空题染色体中参与复制的活性区呈Y形结构，称为______。

填空题乳糖操纵子的调控至少依赖于两种蛋白质分子：______及______。

填空题黏粒(cosmid)是质粒一噬菌体杂合载体，它的复制子来自______，cos位点序列来自______，最大的克隆片段达到______kb。