填空题用离体状态的病毒DNA或RNA感染细菌，改变其基因型的作用称为______。

填空题人类某一性状在男女中都有表现，但是在男性中比例较高，此为______遗传。若此性状在男女中都有表现，只是在女性中比例较高，此为______遗传。

填空题基因转换是通过______之间重组而实现的，其中重组体经拆分后形成______，再经过______后产生基因转换。

填空题碱基替换包括两种形式，即______和______。

填空题互补测验可以通过如下几个途径进行，分别是______、______和______。

填空题重组能产生______中没有的新的类型。

填空题已知人体中G、T、C三个基因都位于17号染色体的长臂，在检出T转化株时，发现19%的细胞株中有G和T共转化，74%的细胞株中有C和T共转化，这一发现表明______。

填空题F因子在细胞中的存在状态有两种，分别是______状态和______状态。

填空题大肠杆菌F + 菌株与F - 菌株结合，最后F + 菌株变成了______，F - 菌株变成了______。

填空题In February of 1997 Dolly, the first successful mammalian clone, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. With the extensive news coverage of this momentous event, the study of genetic engineering and recombinant DNA was thrown into the public spotlight. (41)__________Much of this unfounded fear is based upon memories of poorly researched science fiction novels, fear of the unknown, and a "growing mistrust of science". (42)__________For example, it will be possible for cows to be genetically engineered to produce pharmaceuticals in their milk. This means that vaccination shots and pills would become obsolete. Babies could be brought up immune to diseases by simply being fed this milk. Imagine the impact on the quality of life for people who live in third world countries like Somalia. Whole countries could be made healthy and immune to disease. (43)__________Rice does not provide all of the nutrients that the body needs and in these countries other food is very scarce. If rice or bread, another major staple, are genetically engineered to contain additional necessary vitamins and minerals then we could go a long way towards wiping out malnutrition all over the world. (44)__________Organ transplants and cosmetic procedures, like silicone breast implants, that may cause disease would soon cease to exist. Instead of using materials foreign to the body for such procedures, doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat, connective tissue, or cartilage that match the patient's tissues exactly, thus ensuring that the needed tissue will be free of rejection by their immune system. Victims of terrible accidents that deform the face and body would be able to have their features repaired with new, safer technology. (45)__________ Throughout time people have always been afraid of new technology and the power it might possess. When the car was first invented some contemporary scientists were convinced that the human body could not survive at speeds as high as twenty miles per hour. At one time birth control pills, in vitro fertilization, and heart transplants were criticized on the same grounds. Genetic engineering is an extremely new aspect of our technological research and should, at all costs, be allowed to develop further. The immense possible benefits from genetic engineering are endless and should not be overlooked. Genetic engineering, then, is a tool that humans can use to cure many of their problems. [A] Even though the risks are great, the beneficial possibilities are endless. Genetic engineering should be allowed to progress because of the potential benefits for the human species outweigh the consequences. [B] Scientists are only beginning to explore the dangers and benefits of genetic engineering. Yet, instead of seeing the immense potential benefits, much of the American public is automatically rejecting this field of research. [C] Genetic engineering also has the power to cure infertility, which a painful reality that many couples throughout the world face. [D] Even with all these miraculous benefits, many people throughout the world feel that the issue of genetic engineering is absolutely preposterous and extremely unethical. Such opinions are understandable, considering that the majority of people are always going to be afraid of the unknown. [E] Malnutrition, a common problem in many third world countries where impoverished peoples rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet, could also possibly be cured with genetic engineering. [F] But perhaps, the area that stands to benefit the most from genetic engineering is medicine. [G] Genetic engineering is like performing heart surgery with a shovel. Scientists do not yet understand living systems completely enough to perform DNA surgery without creating mutations which could be harmful to the environment and our health.

填空题绘制遗传学图时，基因定位所采用的主要方法有两种，即______和______。

填空题The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter. 41) ______ Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. 42) ______ Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43) ______ 44) ______ These inventions and discoveries--fire, speech, weapons domestic animals, agriculture, and writing--made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45) ______ (512 words)Notes: ape 猿。pastoral nomad 田园式的游牧部落的人。the Euphrates 幼发拉底河。the Tigris底格里斯河。the Indus 印度河。in question 所谈的(在名词后作后置定语)。[A] Probably picture language and. oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.[B] Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.[C] With the development of civilization, primitive people who lived in caves at that time badly needed a language, which would help them to communicate with one another.[D] The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually.[E] In fact, there was progress--there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely, gunpowder and the mariner's compass--but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.[F] These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.[G] But industry was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine age.

填空题生物体的性别决定方式有多种类型，试确定下列个体的性别：人类XXY______，XO______；果蝇AAXXY______，AAXY______，AAAXX______；鸡ZW______。

填空题细菌转化过程包括有转化能力的染色体DNA片段的______、______和______三个阶段。

填空题T4快速溶菌突变型有______、______和______三类，通过对T4rⅡ区突变型间的重组实验可以确定______，通过互补实验可以确定______。

填空题细菌中的转座成分可分为______、______及TnA转座元家族和可转移的噬菌体等。

填空题 DNA复制过程大体上可以分为（ ）三个阶段。

填空题黑麦的体细胞是14个染色体，即是7对同源染色体(7个来自父方，7个来自母方)，那么，在减数分裂时，他们形成的配子，7个染色体完全来自父方或母方的概率是______。

填空题 孟德尔的《植物杂交实验》一文，提出了遗传的（ ）和（ ）两大定律。

填空题Almost every day we see something in the papers about the latest exciting developments in the space race. Photographs are regularly flashed to the earth from thousands and even millions of miles away. They are printed in our newspapers and shown on our television screens as a visible proof of the man's newest achievements. The photographs neatly sum up the results of these massive efforts to ' conquer space' and at the same time they exposed the absurdity of the undertaking. All we can see is an indistinguishable blob that is supposed to represent a planet seen from several thousand miles away. We are going to end up with a little moon-dust and a few stones which will be put behind glass in some museum. (41)__________ (42)__________It is just an extension of the race for power on earth. Only the wealthiest nations can compete and they do so in the name of pure scientific research. But in reality, all they are interested in is power and prestige. They want to impress us, their spectators, with a magnificent show of strength. Man has played the power game ever since he appeared on earth. Now he is playing it as it has never been played before. The space race is just another aspect of the age-old argument that "might is right". (43)__________But what has the space race done to relieve the suffering of the earth's starving millions? In what way has it raised the standard of living of any one of us? As far as the layman is concerned, the practical results of all this expenditure of money and efforts are negligible. Thanks to space research, we can now see television pictures transmitted live halfway across the globe and the housewife can use non-stick frying pans in the kitchen. The whole thing becomes utterly absurd when you think that no matter what problems man overcomes, it is unlikely that he will ever be able to travel even to the nearest star. (44)__________For the first time in his history, man has the overwhelming technological resources to combat human suffering, yet he squanders them on meaningless pursuits. (45)__________Individuals with limited budgets usually get their priorities right; they provide themselves with necessities before trying to obtain luxuries. Why can't great nations act in the same sensible way? Let us put our house in order first and let space look after itself. [A] An increasing number of people even begin to picture a space travel in recent years. [B] Poverty, hunger, disease and war are man's greatest enemies and the world would be an infinitely better place if the powerful nations devoted half as much money and effort to these problems as they do to the space race. [C] The space race is not simply the objective search for knowledge though it is often made out to be. [D] On the other hand, people benefit dramatically from the development of science and technology. [E] This is hardly value for money when you think that our own earth can provide countless sights that are infinitely more exciting and spectacular. [F] We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in attempting to get us into orbit, will be utilized to make better on earth. [G] If a man deprived himself and his family of food in order to buy and run a car, we would consider him mad.