填空题 减数分裂又称为成熟分裂，其特点是每个初级精母细胞或卵母细胞经过（ ）的细胞分裂，形成（ ）子细胞。

填空题单倍体雄蜂形成单倍性精子的方式是______。

填空题植物细胞在离体条件下发育成植株，主要是通过2种途径，分别是发生______途径和体细胞______发生途径。

填空题减数分裂产生重组型配子的两个途径是______、______。

填空题 度量数据离散性的常用指标有（ ）和（ ）。

填空题如果在F 1 的性母细胞减数分裂时，有6%的细胞在连锁着的基因AB之间出现了交叉结，则表明在这6%的细胞中有总数的______的染色单体在AB之间发生过______。所以这些F 1 个体在配子形成将有______重组型，______亲本型。

填空题If you think you can make the planet better by clever shopping, think again. You might make it worse. You probably go shopping several times a month, providing yourself with lots of opportunities to express your opinions. If you are worried about the environment, you might buy organic food; if you want to help poor farmers, you can do your bit by buying Fairtrade products; or you can express a dislike of evil multinational companies and rampant globalization by buying only local produce. And the best bit is that shopping, unlike voting, is fun; so you can do good and enjoy yourself at the same time. Sadly, it's not that easy. (41) . People who want to make the world a better place cannot do so by shifting their shopping habits: transforming the planet requires duller disciplines, like politics. Organic food, which is grown without man-made pesticides and fertilisers, is generally assumed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional intensive farming, which is heavily reliant on chemical inputs. But it all depends on what you mean by "environmentally friendly". Farming is inherently bad for the environment: since humans took it up around 11 000 years ago, the result has been deforestation on a massive scale. (42) . Organic methods, which rely on crop rotation, manure and compost in place of fertiliser, are far less intensive. So producing the world's current agricultural output organically would require several times as much land as is currently cultivated. There wouldn't be much room left for the rainforest. Fairtrade food is designed to raise poor farmers' incomes. It is sold at a higher price than ordinary food, with a subsidy passed back to the farmer. But prices of agricultural commodities are low because of overproduction, (43) . Surely the case for local food, produced as close as possible to the consumer in order to minimise "food miles" and, by extension, carbon emissions, is clear? Surprisingly, it is not. A study of Britain's food system found that nearly half of food-vehicle miles (i. e. , miles travelled by vehicles carrying food) were driven by cars going to and from the shops. Most people live closer to a supermarket than a farmer's market, so more local food could mean more food-vehicle miles. Moving food around in big, carefully packed lorries, as supermarkets do, may in fact be the most efficient way to transport the stuff What's more, once the energy used in production as well as transport is taken into account, local food may turn out to be even less green. (44) . And the local-food movement's aims, of course, contradict those of the Fairtrade movement, by discouraging rich-country consumers from buying poor-country produce. But since the local-food movement looks suspiciously like old-fashioned protectionism masquerading as concern for the environment, helping poor countries is presumably not the point. (45) . The problems lie in the means, not the ends. The best thing about the spread of the ethical-food movement is that it offers grounds for hope. It sends a signal that there is an enormous appetite for change and widespread frustration that governments are not doing enough to preserve the environment, reform world trade or encourage development.[A] The aims of much of the ethical-food movement--to protect the environment, to encourage development and to redress the distortions in global trade--are admirable.[B] By maintaining the price, the Fairtrade system encourages farmers to produce more of these commodities rather than diversifying into other crops and so depresses prices--thus achieving, for most farmers, exactly the opposite of what the initiative is intended to do.[C] Proper free trade would be by far the best way to help,poor farmers. Taxing carbon would price the cost of emissions into the price of goods, and retailers would then have an incentive to source locally if it saved energy.[D] There are good reasons to doubt the claims made about three of the most popular varieties of "ethical" food: organic food, Fairtrade food and local food.[E] But following the "green revolution" of the 1960s greater use of chemical fertiliser has tripled grain yields with very little increase in the area of land under cultivation.[F] And since only a small fraction of the mark-up on Fairtrade foods actually goes to the farmer--most goes to the retailer-the system gives rich consumers an inflated impression of their largesse and makes alleviating poverty seem too easy.[G] Producing lamb in New Zealand and shipping it to Britain uses less energy than producing British lamb, because fanning in New Zealand is less energy-intensive.

填空题大肠杆菌中含有独立而且完整F因子的菌株是______，不含有F因子的菌株是______，F因子组合进入到染色体上的菌株是______，F因子带有少量染色体基因的菌株是______。

填空题 互换值一般不会超过（ ）。

填空题一个Hfr菌株染色体上的基因顺序为转移原点—X—Y—Z—S—P—Q，为了得到一个最高比例的重组子，在接合后应该在受体中选择______作为供体的标记基因。

填空题一般性重组的主要中间体是______，也用它的发现者名字命名为______。

填空题生物界共有______个密码子，其中______个为氨基酸编码，起始密码子为______；终止密码子为______、______、______。

填空题普通烟草2n=TTSS=48，可分离出______个单体(或三体)系列；普通小麦2n=AABBDD=42，可分离出______个单体(或三体)系列。

填空题原核生物有几种转位因子，如______、______、______等；真核生物也有一些转位因子，如______、______、______等。

填空题 在基因突变中，碱基置换突变可以分为（ ）和（ ）两种类型；移码突变包括（ ）和（ ）两种情况。

填空题RecA蛋白质有多种与重组有关的活性，主要包括：______、______、______和______。

填空题RNA生物合成中，RNA聚合酶的活性需要______模板，原料是______、______、______、______。

填空题转座因子的自身序列的两侧各有一个______序列存在，转座完成时，常在原靶点DNA两侧各出现一段______序列。

填空题[A] They lack accurate information and prior experience. [B] They copy the actions of their parents. [C] They want to test whether parents will enforce rules. [D] They are held to expectations that are beyond their developmental levels. [E] They want to assert themselves and their independence. [F] They experience different sets of expectations between school and home. One of the most common expressions parents can be heard saying is, "I don't understand why he's/ she's doing that." There are some very common reasons why children misbehave. It is extremely useful for parents to know these because if they can pinpoint the root cause of the misbehavior, they can be more successful at reducing it. 41. ______ Children's main job is to figure out how their complex world works. In order to master the things they need to at each developmental level they will test their parents. They are literally trying to see where the boundaries are, or, if they exist at all. Although testing is frustrating for parents they should know that it is normal and that this is their chance to really make a difference in their child's life. How? By setting boundaries and limits and consistently following through on them. This way, their children will adopt positive values and gain self-esteem. 42. ______ Consistency is hugely important in making a child feel safe and secure and able to have a comfortable understanding of the world and how it works. If they are receiving mixed messages from home and school they will feel uneasy inside and express this through more testing than normal and will feel an inner sense of stress. The best thing a parent can do is learn a simple method to discipline and then have a conversation with their child's teacher. During this conversation, the parents should explain their method and ask how the teacher handles situations. The goal is to try and use some of the same language at both the school and at home. With a consistent, clear message, children will rise to the expectation and be happier in the process. 43. ______ Children begin to show their desire for more independence at around age two. They start to want control over certain areas of their life so that they can feel capable and independent. It doesn't take long for children to identify the areas they CAN control, much to the chagrin (懊恼) of parents. Situations like eating, sleeping, brushing teeth, and dressing are great examples of times when children recognize their power to get you upset and therefore make them feel in control. What is the solution? Give them loads of choice in their daily life so that they feel in control of their life. As well, it is key to learn a simple, loving method to discipline so that misbehaviors are taken care of easily, without any emotion required. Without emotion, there is no reason for the child to want to rebel in order to gain control. 44. ______ When children do something such as go to cross a road for the first time, they do not know that they are supposed to look both ways, so we all know that we must explain to them to look left and look right, etc. However, the same technique needs to be applied to discipline situations. Children will repeat a behavior over and over until they have accurate information as to what they should be doing instead and prior experience of the consequence if they continue the behavior. Using clear, concise language stating what they "need" to be doing rather than what they "shouldn't" be doing is extremely important. Better to say, "Carry this carefully," rather than, "Don't drop this. " In other words, give them something to use as prior knowledge for next time. 45. ______ The best teacher of how to misbehave or act and speak inappropriately is by watching morn or dad misbehave or act and speak inappropriately. Remember, what children see and experience in the home is what their normal is. So, if they see morn and dad yelling, they will yell. If they get spanked, they will likely use hitting to express their anger or frustration. If they hear, "What?" instead of "Pardon?" that is what they will use. Although not always simple, parents need to look at parenting as a life lesson in personal growth. Children can make open and willing parents into the best human beings in the world because they have the opportunity to practice being their best selves every single day of the year.

填空题一个父亲是色盲而本人色觉正常的女人，与一个色盲男人结婚，他们生了一个儿子和一个女儿，儿子和女儿是色盲的概率分别是______和______。