问答题Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to re- turn to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

问答题1请将“没有一个自学成才者不是经过刻苦努力的”换质位，写出换质位的公式和换质位后的结论。 2找出能反驳“所有的被告都是有罪的”的判断，并指出为什么能反驳。

问答题甲、乙、丙、丁争夺一名围棋比赛冠军。已知下列A、B、C三种说法中，有且只有一种说法正确。问：谁夺得冠军?请写出推导过程。 A．冠军或是甲或是乙。 B．如果冠军不是丙，那么冠军也不是丁。 C．冠军不是甲。

问答题大前提为I判断，小前提为E判断，不能构成一个有效的三段论。

问答题指出下列语句表达何种模态命题并写出公式。 1真理必然战胜谬论。 2破坏生态平衡要受到自然的惩罚是必然的。 3搞阴谋诡计的人必然没有好下场。 4神农架可能有野人。 5飞碟可能是宇宙飞行物。 6太阳系存在第十个行星是可能的。 7飞碟可能不是宇宙人发射的。

问答题What is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that luck has a role to play in the good life, but to what extent does luck effect the good life? If the good life is dependent on external factors, then it would appear that it could not be considered self-sufficient. However, Aristotle argues that the good life is self-sufficient, but communally self-sufficient. Why does Aristotle argue for what appears to be a contradiction in terms? (46)It is contended that luck's effect on the good life was much greater than Aristotle was prepared to acknowledge and that as a result of the good life being dependent on luck, the good life cannot be considered self sufficient. Aristotle believed that the good for humans would be the maximum realization of the function that was unique to humans. Since reason was understood by Aristotle to be the unique quality that humans possessed, it followed that the good for humans was to reason well. (47)Since part of the task of reason was to teach human beings how to act virtuously, the good for humans was the exercise of their faculties in accordance with virtue. The good life, then, was defined by Aristotle as the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. (48)The circumstances that make it likely or unlikely that a person will lead the good life are external and not of one's own choosing, and are, therefore, dependent on luck. Why not, it might be postulated, limit luck's effects, specifically narrowing the scope of what constitutes the elements of the good life so as to limit, while not eliminating luck's role? (49) Aristotle held that even if one could be viewed as leading the good life, should one experience any adverse circumstances such as illness, bereavement or isolation, then one could no longer be considered to be leading the good life. "For many reversals and all sorts of luck come about in the course of a life; and it is possible for the person who was most especially doing well to encounter great calamities in old age, as in the stories told about Priam in the Trojan war. But when a person has such misfortunes and ends in a wretched condition, nobody says that he is living well. " Aristotle had argued that limiting the scope of luck's effect on the good life would render life meaningless, yet is this not what is happening here? (50)Knowing that as one ages the probability of experiencing misfortune is heightened, and still maintaining that this is a yardstick by which to measure whether one can be considered to be leading the good life, severely limits the chances of anyone attaining the good life. Limiting the scope of the external factors that affected the good life would render the good life too limiting, according to Aristotle; yet Aristotle has placed such severe limitations on the criteria that needs to be met in order to lead the good life that the probability of anyone ever leading the good life are practically non-existent.

问答题请用欧拉图表示直言三段论的公理。

问答题结合以下实例，对假说发展的三个阶段进行逻辑分析。 1968年冬，解放军某部驻地发生流行性感冒，卫生科用乳酸消毒，制止了疾病的蔓延，但费用太大，于是想找一个既省钱又简便的消毒方法。他们开始走访当地群众和中医。一位老工人说：“醋酸味挺浓，是不是可以防治感冒?”他们由此联想到，乳酸和醋酸都是弱酸，有一定的共性。又想到，为什么蛆能在酱油里生长，而不能在醋里生长?为什么蛔虫钻进胆道后，喝了醋就能退回去?为什

问答题已知以下命题为真，请根据对当关系，说明与其素材相同的其他三个命题的真假。 人的正确思想不是从天上掉下来的。

问答题下列语句是否表达命题?为什么? 1墨迹岂能掩盖血迹? 2啊，新星！

问答题指出以下模态命题的逻辑错误，并加以改正。 此人神态紧张，一定是作案人。

问答题为什么三段论第一格的结论可能是A、E、I、O四种命题?

问答题写出第四格三段论的一般形式结构，并试用三段论的一般规则证明三段论第四格的大前提不能是O命题，小前提也不能是O命题。

问答题在“中国是世界上人口最多的国家”中，对“中国”这一概念能否进行限制?为什么?

问答题"Popular art" has a number of meanings, impossible to define with any precision, which range from folklore to junk, with poles being clear enough but the middle tending to blur. The Hollywood Western of the 1930's, for example, has elements of folklore, but is closer to junk than to high art or folk art. There can be great trash, just as there is bad high art. The musicals of George Gershwin are great popular art, never aspiring to high art. Schubert and Brahms, however, used elements of popular music--folk themes--in works clearly intended as high art. The case of Verdi is a different one : he took a popular genre-- bourgeois melodrama set to music (an accurate definition of nineteenth-century opera)- and, without altering its fundamental nature, transmuted it into high art. (47) This remains one of the greatest achievements in music, and one that cannot be fully appreciated without recognizing the essential trashiness of the genre. As an example of such a transmutation, consider what Verdi made of the typical political elements of nineteenth-century opera. (48) Generally in the plots of these operas, a hero or heroine--usually portrayed only as an individual, unrestrained by class--is caught between the immoral corruption of the aristocracy and the doctrinaire rigidity of the leaders of the civilians. Verdi transforms this naive and unlike formulation with music of extraordinary energy and rhythmic vitality, music more subtle than it seems at first hearing. There are scenes and arias that still sound like calls to arms and were clearly understood as such when they were first performed. Such pieces lend an immediacy to the otherwise veiled political message of these operas and call up feelings beyond those of the opera itself. Or consider Verdi' s treatment of character. (49) Before Verdi, there were rarely any characters at all in musical drama, only a series of situations which allowed the singers to express a series of emotional state. Any attempt to find coherent psychological portrayal in these operas is misplaced ingenuity. The only coherence was the singer' s vocal technique: when the cast changed, new arias were almost always substituted, generally adapted from other operas. Verdi' s characters, on the other hand, have genuine consistency and integrity, even if, in many cases, the consistency is that of pasteboard melodrama. The integrity of the character is achieved through the music: (50) once he had become established, Verdi did not rewrite his music for different singers or allow alterations or substitutions of somebody else's arias in one of his operas, as every eighteenth-century composer had done. When he revised an opera, it was only for dramatic economy and effectiveness.

问答题“辩证法作为一种世界观和方法论，有唯物主义辩证法和唯心主义辩证法；而从另一个角度看，又可分为古代的辩证法和近代及现代的辩证法。”这段话作为划分是否正确?为什么?

问答题一个三段论，其大前提是I命题，那么其结论能是否定命题吗?为什么?

问答题构造适当的模态命题反驳下列错误的模态命题。 忽“左”忽右可能不犯错误。

问答题试用真值表分析，甲、乙二人谁的推理正确。 甲：如果多劳动，所得就多；如果所得多，生活水平就高；所以，谁生活水平高证明谁多劳动。 乙：如果多劳动，所得就多；如果所得多，生活水平就高；所以，谁多劳动谁就生活水平高。

问答题请分析下列两段话各运用了什么推理?并写出推理公式。 1某营参加抗洪抢险，一连指战员英勇顽强，从水中营救出大批群众，二连指战员发扬两不怕的精神，保住了水库大坝，三连指战员克服重重困难，完成了运输粮食任务。因此，全营指战员圆满完成抗洪抢险任务。 2我们可以见到张三、李四等溺水而死，内脏都有硅藻反应。这是因为人在溺水时呼吸，水中的浮游生物同水一起经血液循环大量进入内脏。所以，凡是溺水而死的人，内脏肺、肝