问答题The finding is contrary to the common belief that all people are motivated to alleviate negative moods, according to Jonathon Brown, a University of Washington psychologist. (46) “Many people with low self-esteem believe sadness is part of life and that you shouldn’t try to get rid of it, while people with high self-esteem believe in doing something to feel better if they have a negative experience or get in a bad mood, ”said Brown. The researchers conducted five studies involving nearly 900 people. (47)In the key experiment, the researchers created a sad mood by having subjects listen to music and found that people with low self-esteem were significantly less likely than people with high self-esteem to select a comedy video from among six tapes to break their mood. “People with lowself-esteem feel resignation because they question whether anything will help and say ‘ I’m not good at breaking or changing a mood, ” Brown said. “They also believe sadness is not something you get rid of and that you learn and grow from sadness. They feel it is not appropriate to try to change a mood. These are not people who would necessarily go to the movies or shopping to feel better. ” There are things that people with low self-esteem can do to snap a negative mood, according to Brown. (48) “If you have low self-esteem, you should actively try to rise above the sadness and learn that you will feel better if you do not passively accept sadness. You can get better if you remind yourself to do something. You may have to kick yourself in the butt to go to a movie because it will require a conscious effort rather than something that comes automatically, ” he said. The other four studies reinforced the idea that low self-esteem people are less motivated to change a negative mood. The initial study asked students to record in a diary a positive or negative experience that happened to them in the next 7 to 10 days and what they did afterwards. (49)The second study found that people with low self-esteem are equally knowledgeable as those with high self-esteem about strategies to repair negative moods. The final two studies asked people about their experiences when they were in a negative mood. (50) Those with high self-esteem were more likely to express the need to do something to change the mood and less likely to recall instances when they didn’t find a way to improve their mood. Those with low self-esteem, however, were more likely to say such moods are acceptable and that they couldn’t change a mood even if they tried. They also were more likely to say that negative moods sapped their energy.

问答题Directions: You have just learned that your friend Joe had his ankles injured and was in hospital now. Write a letter to him and your letter should include the following details: 1) your concern about his injury, 2) and your best wishes for his recovery. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题“我国要建设有中国特色的社会主义。如果我国要走资本主义道路，则帝国主义不允许，中国人民不答应。因此，我国不能走资本主义道路，必须走社会主义道路。” 这段论证违反什么规则?为什么?

问答题James Shapiro follows his award-winning book on William Shakespeare, 1599, which came out in 2005, with an unlikely subject: an investigation into the old chestnut that Shakespeare wasn't the man who wrote the works. Most mainstream Shakespeareans stand aloof from it. But apparently the claims of Francis Bacon, Edward de Vere and Christopher Marlowe, among others, are on the rise. (46) An appetite for conspiracy theories, combined with a call for "balance" from some sectors of academe and the rise of the Internet has given the thing new life. Respectable audiences turn up to listen to lectures on it. The controversy is even taught at university level. "What difference does it make who wrote the plays?" someone asked the author wearily. Mr. Shapiro (for whom Shakespeare was definitely the man) thinks it matters a lot, and by the end of this book, his readers will think so too. The authorship controversy turns on two things., snobbery and the assumption that, in a literal way, you are what you write. How could an untutored, untravelled glover's son from hickville, the argument goes, understand kings and courtiers, affairs of state, philosophy, law, music-let alone the noble art of falconry? (47) Worse still, how could the business-minded, property-owning, moneylending materialist that emerges from the documentary scraps, be the same man as the poet of the plays? Mr. Shapiro teases out the cuhural prejudices, the historical blind spots, and above all the anachronism inherent in these questions. No one before the late 18th century had ever asked them, or thought to read the plays or sonnets for biographical insights. No one had even bothered to work out a chronology for them. (48) The idea that works of literature hold personal clues, or that--more grandly--writing is an expression and exploration of the self, is a relatively recent phenomenon. Contested Will is dense with lives and stories and argument. It is also entertaining. The quest for the true claimant drove people mad. (49) Here are secrets and codes, an elaborate cipher-breaking machine, an obsession with graves and crazy adventures to find lost manuscripts. One man spent months dredging the River Severn. Mr. Shapiro himself turns sleuth, exposing as fraudulent a piece of evidence long thought to be genuine-one more hoax in the long history of Shakespearean wild goose chases. (50) The Shakespeare that emerges is both simple and mysterious: a man of the theatre, who read, observed, listened and remembered. Beyond that is imagination, In essence, that's what the book is about.

问答题American and Japanese researchers are developing a smart car that will help drivers avoid accidents by predicting when they are about to make a dangerous move. The smart car of the future will be able to tell if drivers are going to turn, change lanes, speed up, slow down or pass another car. If the driver's intended action could lead to an accident，the car will activate a warning system or override the move． (46) " BY shifting the emphasis of car safety away from design of the vehicle itself and looking more toward the driver's behavior, the developers believe that they can start to build cars that adapt to suit people's needs , " New Scientist magazine said. Alex Pentland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated on the project with Andrew Liu who works for the Japanese carmaker Nissan. (47)Tests of their smart car using a driving simulator have shown that it is 95 percent accurate in predicting a driver's 12 seconds in advance. (48)The system is based on driving behavior which the researchers say can be divided into chains of sub-actions which include preparatory moves. It monitors the driver's behavior patterns to predict the next move. " To make its predictions, Nissan's smart car uses a computer and sensors on the steering wheel, accelerator and brake to monitor a person's driving patterns. (49)A brief training session, in which the driver is asked to perform certain maneuvers, allows the system to calculate the probability of particular actions occurring in two-second time segments, " the magazine said. Liu has also done work on tracking eye movement to predict driving behavior. (50)He said the smart car could be adapted to monitor eye movement which could give even earlier predictions of when a driver is about to make a wrong move.

问答题以下模态三段论是否正确?为什么? 太阳系的行星必然是围绕太阳运行的，月球不是太阳系的行星，所以，月球必然不是围绕太阳运行的。

问答题有一个小前提为。命题的正确三段论式，它的大前提和结论各是什么?为什么?

问答题Directions: Yesterday you were told that there was going to be a seminar sponsored by a newspaper. The discussion is centered upon juvenile psychology. You want to make your presentation during the seminar, and now write a letter to the editor-in-chief of the paper. Your writing should be based upon the following outline: 1) inquiry about relevant information, 2) a brief account of your expertise, 3) and expression of your interest. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题请从对称性和传递性两方面指出以下关系命题中标有横线的关系各属于何种关系，为什么? 义和团运动早于辛亥革命。

问答题以“所有P不是M”和“所有M都是S”作为大小前提进行推理，能推出什么结论?请用欧拉图表示结论主、谓项之间可能有的关系。

问答题运用有关概念种类的知识，指出下句话中存在的逻辑错误： “中国共产党党员是中华民族的先锋队，在社会主义现代化建设中应起模范带头作用。”

问答题对“所有技术人员都是懂计算机的”与“有些不懂计算机的是技术人员”都加以肯定，是否违反不矛盾律的逻辑要求?为什么?

问答题有一天，法国某城市一餐馆门前挂了一个“明天吃饭不要钱”的牌子。第二天刚开业，就顾客盈门，可顾客一吃上饭，老板就要钱。人问则说：“是啊，明天不要钱，今天要钱。”第三、四天乃至以后照收不误。请问老板采用的是什么手法?

问答题“小张、小李、小王的家住在廊坊市”，这个命题表达的是简单命题，还是复合命题?请写出命题的逻辑形式来。

问答题Directions: You resided in the Browns when studying abroad in London. Now you have returned to China. Write a thank-you letter to the Browns to 1) express your gratitude, and 2) invite them to China to visit your hometown. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题在三段论中，三个不同的项能否同时都周延两次?为什么?

问答题Directions:Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofchallengeinanewspaper.Writeanessayofabout200wordstothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)thesymbolicmeaning3)thespecialunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytotreatchallenge.

问答题“小李未考上大学，或者是因为考试成绩不好，或者是因为政审不合格，或者是因为身体健康状况不符合要求；据说，小李未考上大学的原因是因为考试成绩不好；所以，小李未考上大学的原因不是因为政审不合格，也不是因为身体健康状况不符合要求。”请分析这段议论运用的是何种推理形式，其公式是什么?并依据规则，说明其推理形式是否有效。

问答题“逻辑学是一门古老而年轻的科学”。请简析这种说法是否违反逻辑规律。