问答题试讨论消化管黏膜溃疡的病理基础，并简述各自的形态特点?

问答题高渗性脱水发生局部脑出血的机制是怎样的?

问答题叙述肝脏在受到不同程度损伤的情况下。其再生修复的特点。

问答题试从发病原因、发病机制和对机体影响方面。比较低渗性脱水与高渗性脱水的异同。

问答题突触后抑制有几种形式?其本质是什么?举例说明。

问答题简述心肌的电生理特点及其影响因素。

问答题影响氧合血红蛋白解离曲线的因素有哪些?

问答题应激时糖皮质激素分泌增加有何生理意义?

问答题解释乳腺癌时乳头下陷和橘皮样外观的原因。

问答题简述睾酮的生理作用。

问答题简述死亡与脑死亡的区别?

问答题何谓血流重分布?其发生机制如何?

问答题简述影响组织液生成及回流的因素。

问答题心肌细胞兴奋后，其兴奋性将发生哪些变化?有何生理意义?

问答题简述心脏自律性特点及其影响因素。

问答题试述DIC与休克的关系在病情发展中的作用。

问答题A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically" proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. (46) Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence (生活维持费) in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist(维持生活), in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any" reason". (47) I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time. let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation. This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. (48) This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature ; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. (49)However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. (50) Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it ; in the present capitalist system this is not the case. But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees; its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

问答题试述原发性肺结核病与继发性肺结核病主要区别。

问答题试比较内源性与外源性凝血系统。

问答题病史摘要：患者，女性，44岁，已婚。“洗澡时偶尔发现右乳房肿块1个多月”入院。无乳房胀痛；无畏寒、发热、无胸痛、呼吸困难等不适。病人30岁结婚，婚后3年生有1子，无早产流产史，月经正常，以往有乳腺囊性增生病史，未服用避孕药，否认药物过敏史与外伤史，无特殊嗜好。 外科情况：双侧乳腺外观对称，皮肤无橘皮样改变，乳头不凹陷，无乳头溢液，右侧乳房外上象限近乳晕处扪及一肿块，直径约1.5cm，无压痛，质地较硬，边界不清，在乳房内不易推动，与胸肌不固定。双侧腋窝未扪及肿大淋巴结。腹部B超肝脾淋巴结未见异常，胸部X线检查未见异常，右乳红外扫描：右乳房外上象限占位性病变。 思考题：