问答题A hundred years ago it was assumed and scientifically" proved" by economists that the laws of society made it necessary to have a vast army of poor and jobless people in order to keep the economy going. (46) Today, hardly anybody would dare to voice this principle. It is generally accepted that nobody should be excluded from the wealth of the nation, either by the laws of nature or by those of society. The opinions, which were current a hundred years ago, that the poor owed their conditions to their ignorance, lack of responsibility, are outdated. In all Western industrialized countries, a system of insurance has been introduced which guarantees everyone a minimum of subsistence (生活维持费) in case of unemployment, sickness and old age. I would go one step further and argue that, even if these conditions are not present, everyone has the right to receive the means to subsist(维持生活), in other words, he can claim this subsistence minimum without having to have any" reason". (47) I would suggest, however, that it should be limited to a definite period of time. let's say two years, so as to avoid the encouraging of an abnormal attitude which refuses any kind of social obligation. This may sound like a fantastic proposal, but so, I think our insurance system would have sounded to people a hundred years ago. The main objection to such a scheme would be that if each person were entitled to receive minimum support, people would not work. (48) This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature ; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. (49)However, the suspicions against a system of guaranteed subsistence minimum are not groundless from the standpoint of those who want to use ownership of capital for the purpose of forcing others to accept the work conditions they offer. If nobody were forced to accept work in order not to starve, work would have to be sufficiently interesting and attractive to induce one to accept it. (50) Freedom of contract is possible only if both parties are free to accept and reject it ; in the present capitalist system this is not the case. But such a system would not only be the beginning of real freedom of contract between employers and employees; its principal advantage would be the improvement of freedom in interpersonal relationships in every sphere of daily life.

问答题试述原发性肺结核病与继发性肺结核病主要区别。

问答题试比较内源性与外源性凝血系统。

问答题病史摘要：患者，女性，44岁，已婚。“洗澡时偶尔发现右乳房肿块1个多月”入院。无乳房胀痛；无畏寒、发热、无胸痛、呼吸困难等不适。病人30岁结婚，婚后3年生有1子，无早产流产史，月经正常，以往有乳腺囊性增生病史，未服用避孕药，否认药物过敏史与外伤史，无特殊嗜好。 外科情况：双侧乳腺外观对称，皮肤无橘皮样改变，乳头不凹陷，无乳头溢液，右侧乳房外上象限近乳晕处扪及一肿块，直径约1.5cm，无压痛，质地较硬，边界不清，在乳房内不易推动，与胸肌不固定。双侧腋窝未扪及肿大淋巴结。腹部B超肝脾淋巴结未见异常，胸部X线检查未见异常，右乳红外扫描：右乳房外上象限占位性病变。 思考题：

问答题叙述流行性脑脊髓膜炎临床病理联系。

问答题写出阈强度、膜电位、阈电位、局部电位和动作电位的定义，并指出它们之间的关系。

问答题试述风湿病的发生发展过程。

问答题远视眼和老花眼是否相同?为什么?如何矫正?

问答题试述血浆渗透压的形成及其生理意义。

问答题情绪心理应激易诱发心律失常，其机制是什么?

问答题简述血氨增高引起脑内神经递质的改变及其原因（8分）

问答题一男运动员由于使用大量的雄性类固醇而不生育(不能生成足够数量的精子)，请解释其机制?

问答题急性阑尾炎时为什么先出现脐周围痛?而后来疼痛又转移到右下腹部?

问答题试述肉芽组织的组成、功能及肉芽组织向瘢痕组织转化的过程中发生了哪些改变?

问答题应激时出现的急性期反应蛋白的组成和功能如何?

问答题试述动脉粥样硬化病变的发生发展过程。

问答题简述唾液、胃液、胰液、胆汁的主要成分及作用。

问答题简述炎症时液体渗出的利与弊。

问答题试述急性炎症的结局。

问答题患者男性，50岁，烟台市人，干部。腹部疼痛、大便带血3个月，伴体重下降。查体右下腹触及一肿块，轻压痛。直肠镜检查发现在回盲部一长径为4.5cm的隆起性肿物，表面有溃疡。取活检做病理检查发现肿物构成腺管样结构和黏液样物，诊断为大肠黏液腺癌，遂住院行大肠癌根治切除手术。送检大肠癌根治切除标本，位回盲部一溃疡型肿物，面积5cm×4.5cm，累及肠管全周，较表浅，边界欠清，表面及切面半透明胶冻状；镜下诊断盲肠黏液腺癌，侵达外膜及肠系膜，肠周淋巴结黏液腺癌转移。 思考：