填空题 神经鞘瘤好发于_____。

填空题 膀胱可分为_______、_______、_______和_______，在膀胱底内面，_______和_______形成三角区，此处黏膜缺乏，无论膀胱充盈与否，始终保持平滑，称为_______．

填空题 肱骨髁上骨折与肘关节脱位相鉴别可看_______关系。

填空题 急性主动脉夹层动脉瘤常发生在_____和_____的病人，表现为剧烈的_____疼痛，压迫和阻塞主动脉的分支产生复杂多样的症状，如_____、_____、_____等。

填空题 阑尾的动脉来自于（ ）动脉，是一无侧支的（ ）动脉。阑尾的静脉最终 回流入（ ）静脉。

填空题 在股骨颈、干连接的内后方，形成致密的纵行骨板称为_______。

填空题 原则上出血量达总血容量的_____％以下时，不必输全血，超过_____％时，可输全血与_____各半，再配合_____和_____，以补充血容量。

填空题 鼻锥体形支架包括_______和_______两部分。

填空题 足背与足趾挛缩畸形较严重或背屈时间过久骨关节已有畸形改变，肌腱短缩的病例，术时应考虑将_______延长或_______及_______关节融合等，使足趾能完全伸展，然后再植皮片。

填空题 强直性脊柱炎一般的首发部位是_______。

填空题 腹部损伤时的最常见受损脏器在开放性损伤时为（ ），在闭合性损伤时为（ ）。

填空题 正常血清钾的浓度为_____ mmol／L，血清钙的浓度为_____ mmol／L，血清镁的浓度为_____ mmol／L.

填空题 游离骨移植能否成功有赖于以下几个基本条件：_______、_______、_______。

填空题 高血压性脑出血，55％在_______，15％在_______，10％在_______，10％_______，10％在_______，而发生于_______者极为少见。

填空题 眼睑缺损长度不超过睑缘全长的_______为轻度缺损，缺损长度不足脸缘全长_______为中度缺损。

填空题I strongly agree with the contention that absence of choice is a rare circumstance, primarily because this contention accords with common sense and our everyday experience as human beings. Besides, the reverse claim-that we do not have free choice-serves to undermine the notions of moral accountability and human equality, which are critical to the survival of any democratic society. 41. The role of free will of humans in choice Common sense dictates that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of choice is very rare. The only possible exceptions would involve extreme and rare circumstances such as solitary imprisonment or a severe mental or physical deficiency—any of which might potentially strip a person of his or her ability to make conscious choices. Yet, even under these circumstances, a person still retains choices about voluntary bodily functions and movement. Thus, the complete absence of choice would seem to be possible only in a comatose state or in death. 42. The nature of absence of choice People often claim that life's circumstances leave them with "no choice." One might feel trapped in a job or a marriage. Under financial duress a person might claim that he or she has "no choice" but to declare bankruptcy, take a demeaning job, or even lie or steal to obtain money. The fundamental problem with these sorts of claims is that the claimants are only considering those choices that are not viable or attractive. That is, people in situations such as these have an infinite number of choices; it's just that many of the choices are unappealing, even self-defeating. 43. Choice is beyond our control Besides, the contention that we are almost invariably free to choose is far more appealing from a sociopolitical standpoint than the opposite claim. A complete tack of choice implies that every person's fate is determined, and that we all lack free will. According to the philosophical school of "strict determinism," every event, including human actions and Choices, that occurs is physically necessary given the laws of nature and events that preceded that event or choice. In other words, the "choices" that seem part of the essence of our being are actually beyond our control. 44. The logical result of strict determinism and of the new "scientific determinism" However, the logical result of strict determinism and of the new "scientific determinism" is that we are not morally accountable for our actions and choices, even those that harm other individuals or society. Moreover, throughout history monarchs and dictators have embraced determinism, at least ostensibly, to bolster their claim that certain individuals are preordained to assume positions of authority or to rise to the top levels of the socioeconomic infrastructure. Finally, the notion of scientific determinism opens the door for genetic engineering, which poses a potential threat to equality in socioeconomic opportunity, and could lead to the development of a so-called "master race." Admittedly, these disturbing implications neither prove nor disprove the determinists' claims. 45. Insistence of tree will I would concede that science might eventually disprove the very notion of free will. However, until that time I'll trust my strong intuition that free will is an essential part of our being as humans and, accordingly, that humans are responsible for their own choices and actions.[A] For example, almost every person who claims to be trapped in a job is simply choosing to retain a certain measure of financial security. The choice to forego this security is always available, although it might carry unpleasant consequences.[B] Our collective life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day on a continual basis.[C] However, the dilemma seams to be unavoidable which gives people a lot of Painfully experience with it.[D] In sum, despite the fact that we all experience occasional feelings of being trapped and having no choice, the statement is fundamentally correct.[E] Recent advances in molecular biology and genetics lend some credence to the determinists' position that as physical beings our actions are determined by physical forces beyond our control. New research suggests that these physical forces include our own individual genetic makeup.[F] Assuming that neither free will nor determinism has been proven to be the correct position, the former is to be preferred by any humanist and in any democratic society.

填空题 运动系统畸形根据病因大致分为______，______，______畸形。

填空题 肺癌的分布，_______肺多于_______肺，______叶多于_______叶。起源于主支气管、肺叶支气管的肺癌，称________，起源于肺段支气管以下的肺癌称_______。

填空题 在感染过程中，细菌毒素能刺激机体产生多种炎性介质，包括_____、_____、_____、_____、_____或_______等。

填空题 在病理学上急性脓胸与慢性脓胸的区别是：急性脓胸以_______为主，慢性脓胸以_______、_______病变为主。