单选题In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to can'y out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are lull of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher's me, here, now becomes the community's anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gy6rgyi once described discovery as "seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought." But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility "happens" to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. "We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions of reason./

单选题肋骨骨折时，最能说明肯定有肺或支气管损伤的是

单选题溢出性蛋白尿多见于

单选题女，45岁，间歇性右上腹痛伴皮肤巩膜黄染，发热10天，加重3天入院。治疗期间突然出现寒战、高热，体温39．4℃，神志淡漠，面色苍白，皮肤厥冷，手足冰冷，脉率125次／分，BP70／45mmHg。

单选题A．肱骨外科颈骨折B．肱骨干中上1／3骨折C．肱骨干中下1／3骨折D．伸直型肱骨髁上骨折

单选题直肠肛管周围脓肿中最常见的是

单选题 关于初级性索描述，不正确的是（ ） A、生殖腺嵴内的不规则细胞索 B、在胚胎第5~6周时含原始生殖细胞 C、来源于体腔上皮 D、在男性分化为生精小管 E、在女性分化为原始卵泡

单选题女，68岁，间歇性右上腹疼痛10年，疼痛向右肩背部放射，近1周再发右上腹痛，伴畏寒、发热。体格检查：体温38．6℃，脉搏112次／分，血压84／45mmHg，右上腹可扪及10cm×8cm包块，张力高，局部压痛、反跳痛明显，腹肌紧张。目前应如何治疗

单选题判断口对口人工呼吸效果正确的依据是（ ）

单选题 关于植皮治疗小腿慢性溃疡不正确的措施是（ ） A、深溃疡选用肌瓣移植 B、彻底清除局部坏死组织 C、石膏托功能位固定 D、肉芽创面上中厚皮片移植 E、局部应用抗生素

单选题男婴，1岁。突然哭闹，排血便36小时。查体：一般情况好，右上腹可扪及腊肠样肿物。经X线低压空气灌肠复位后，患儿仍阵发性哭闹，面色苍白，发作间歇期比入院前缩短。最佳的治疗方案是

单选题 下列关于环氧合酶说法不正确的是：( ) A、催化花生四烯酸氧化反应生成白三烯 B、环氧化酶-1存在于所有组织中 C、环氧化酶-2是一种诱导酶 D、在细胞分化过程中受细胞因子或激素作用而显著上调 E、催化花生四烯酸氧化反应生成前列腺素

单选题尿毒症最常见的死亡原因是

单选题慢性尿毒症时，常有以下改变A．代谢性酸中毒B．高钙血症C．贫血D．低磷血症

单选题术后急性胃扩张的主要特征是（ ）

单选题微循环血量占总循环血量的

单选题女性，63岁，间断腹痛，恶心、呕吐胃内容物3天，有宿食，考虑患者此时

单选题People can get emotional about immigration. Bill O'Reilly, a talk-show host, devoted a recent segment to the story of an illegal alien who got drunk and accidentally killed two attractive white girls with his car. If only he had been deported for previous misdemeanours, Mr. O'Reilly raged, those girls would still be alive. Another talk-show host, Geraldo Rivera, during an on-air shout-joust(争吵) with Mr. O' Reilly, denounced his demagogic choice of story-angle as" a sin". President George Bush tried again this week to bring a more rational tone to the debate. He urged the new Democratic Congress to revive the immigration reforms that the old Republican Congress killed last year. His proposal was broadly the same as before. He said he wanted to make it harder to enter America illegally, but easier to do so legally, and to offer a path to citizenship for the estimated 12m illegals who have already snuck in. The first part faces few political hurdles and is already well under way. Mr. Bush expects to have doubled the number of Border Patrol agents by the end of next year. The new recruits are being trained. And to defend against the invading legions of would-be gardeners and hotel cleaners, the frontier is also equipped with high-tech military gizmos(小发明), such as unmanned spy planes with infra-red(红外) cameras. This may be having some effect. Mr. Bush boasted that the number of people caught sneaking over the border had fallen by nearly 30% this year. And the controversial part of Mr. Bush's immigration package--allowing more immigrants in and offering those already in America a chance to become legal -- is still just a plan. House Republicans squashed it last year. Mr. Bush senses a second chance with the new Democratic Congress, but Democrats, like Republicans, are split on the issue. Some, notably Ted Kennedy, think America should embrace hard- working migrants. Others fret that hard-working migrants will undercut the wages of the native-born. Mr. Bush would like to see the pro-immigrant wings of both parties work together to give him a bill he can sign. The Senate is expected to squeeze in a debate next month. The administration is trying to entice law-and-order Republicans on board; a recent leaked memo talked of substantial fines for illegals before they can become legal and" much bigger" fines for employers who hire them before they do. The biggest hurdle, however, may be the Democrats' reluctance to co-operate with Mr. Bush. Some figure that, rather than letting their hated adversary share the credit for fixing the immigration system, they should stall until a Democrat is in the White House and then take it all. So there is a selfish as well as a moral argument for making a deal.

单选题有关肾外伤的治疗，下列哪项是不恰当的

单选题慢性肾炎的主要病理类型有