单选题A．肾母细胞瘤 B．膀胱癌 C．肾盂肿瘤 D．肾囊肿

单选题 帽状镀膜下血肿和骨膜下血肿签别依据： A、V血肿的大小和出血量 B、出血来源 C、损伤机制 D、血肿范围是否超过颅缝 E、临床X线检查

单选题腰间盘突出症的主要症状是：

单选题 阴道上皮细胞合成糖原主要在（ ） A、增生期开始井持续至分泌期 B、分泌期末 C、分泌期与月经期 D、月经期初 E、月经期末

单选题桡骨下端骨折骨折远端向背侧移位时从侧面看可见畸形是（ ）

单选题全麻时导管插入气管内的深度，成人应为( )(2007年)

单选题A．饱餐或食油腻食物后有上腹持续性疼痛，严重者有畏寒、高热B．腹痛、寒战高热和黄疸(夏科三联征)C．腹痛、寒战高热、黄疸、休克和精神症状五联征D．突然发作的剑突下钻顶样绞痛，阵发性加重

单选题尺神经在腕部损伤后尺侧1个半手指背面感觉仍存在的原因是：

单选题外科临床上，代谢性碱中毒最常见的病因是

单选题脓血症最具特征性的临床表现是A．寒战后高热B．白细胞计数达(20～30)×109/L以上C．可出现感染性休克D．转移性脓肿E．病情重而病程短

单选题男，28岁。右膝内侧逐渐隆起伴隐痛半年。X线示：右胫骨干骺端有一破坏区，边缘呈膨胀性改变，中央有肥皂泡样阴影。

单选题A．拇指内收畸形 B．垂腕、垂指畸形 C．爪形手畸形 D．大鱼际肌萎缩

单选题 胸膜腔持续负压吸引装置的调节瓶中长玻璃管，应插入水平面下 A、10～20CM B、8～10CM C、6～8CM D、4～6CM E、3～4CM

单选题男，60岁，因胃溃疡合并反复大出血，行胃大部切除术。

单选题男，18岁，淹溺后呼吸心跳停止8分钟，心肺复苏后3天出现呼吸困难，气促，烦躁，面罩吸氧不能缓解。症状进行性加重，体温37．4℃，呼吸42次/分，心率120次/分，心律齐，双肺可闻及干啰音，胸片显示斑片状阴影，血压100/70mmHg，血气分析Pa(1)250mmHg，PaCO 2 30mmHg，氧合指数(PaO 2 /F i O 2 )180mmHg。

单选题术后腹胀主要是由于A．细菌产生的气体B．腹膜后血肿C．组织代谢产生的气体D．血液内气体弥散到肠腔内E．咽下的空气积存在肠腔内过多

单选题利多卡因用于局部浸润麻醉或神经阻滞时，成人一次限量为( )(2005年)

单选题患者，男性，54岁，间歇性无痛性肉眼血尿3个月，左上腹部可触及肿块，随呼吸活动，轻度压痛。逆行肾盂造影发现左肾盂肾盏拉长变形。首先应考虑为

单选题下列关于肛裂的叙述，哪项是正确的A．肛裂是肛管部深达肌层的小溃疡B．肛裂、前哨痔和齿状线上相应的乳头肥大称为肛裂“三联症”C．主要症状是排便时出血D．绝大多数发生在肛管前正中部E．手术切除肛裂是治疗急性肛裂惟一有效的方法

单选题There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them. The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as "background"), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion). The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not. The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research. The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.