填空题"Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian stage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not. Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders. Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles. "what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself" His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life. This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals. Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: "It is man, real, living man who does all that. "And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. " This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs. [A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. 41. i Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists. 42. Niccolo Machiavelli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate. 43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history. 44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record ofstruggle. 45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. [G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.

填空题肺炎患者因炎症累及胸膜出现一侧胸痛时，应采取_____卧位以缓解疼痛

填空题肺结核是由_____引起的慢性肺部感染性疾病

填空题目前控制哮喘急性发作症状的首选药物 是（ ）

填空题典型的甲状腺功能减退症患者可见（ ）面容

填空题诊断急性胰腺炎最常用的实验室指标是血、尿_____测定

填空题多饮水， 勤（ ）,是预防尿路感染简单而有效的措施

填空题抗甲状腺药物主要副作用是_____，常突然发生且为致命性

填空题 一般水痘皮疹经过_______、_______、_______、_______各阶段。

填空题肾综合征出血热是由_____病毒引起的自然疫源性疾病

填空题长期家庭氧疗(LTOT)一般采用鼻导管吸氧，吸氧时间为每天_____小时

填空题胰岛素抵抗是指机体对一定量胰岛素的生物学反应（ ）预计正常水平的一种现象

填空题急性重症胰腺炎患者，因血液、胰酶及坏死组织液穿过筋膜与肌层渗入腹壁下可在（ ）或两侧胁腹部皮肤出现灰紫色斑，分别称为Cullen征和Grey-Turner征

填空题 人轮状病毒感染的治疗以______为主。

填空题溃疡性结肠炎必有的消化系统表现是（ ）

填空题慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种以气流受限为特征的肺部疾病，其气流受限（ ） ,呈进行性发展

填空题心动过缓患者应避免屏气用力动作，以免兴奋_____神经而加重心动过缓

填空题冠状动脉CT的阴性检查结果对于排除（ ）病变有较高诊断价值

填空题高血压病发生的原因和机制尚不完全清楚，遗传和 （ ）两个因素的相互作用与高血压发病密切相关

填空题 猪肉绦虫病与牛肉绦虫病是因食入_______而受感染。