填空题 肌肉在收缩前的长度称为__________，它反映__________的大小。

填空题胸廓处于自然位置时相当于______左右的肺总容量，此时胸廓的弹性回缩力为______。

填空题门脉高压症常见的侧支循环途径为______、______、______。

填空题自律细胞产生自动节律兴奋的基础是______。

填空题 基础代谢是指机体在基础状态下的能量代谢，基础状态是指（ ）、（ ）、（ ）、（ ）。

填空题雌激素使阴道黏膜细胞糖原增加，使阴道呈______，从而使阴道抵抗细菌的能力______。

填空题[A]Lookandlistenandthinkaboutwhattheotherpersonsays,howtheysayitandwhattheydo.BeawareofyourselfaswellIfyourecognizeapauseinthewrongplaceoraphrasingthatimpliesweaknessthenimmediatelylookforawaytocountertheimpressionproduced.Thegameisnotlostuntiltheencounterisover.Manyofthesesignalsdonotrequireadeepstudyofpsychology.Theyrequireawareness,somecommonsensetorecognizemeaningandareadinesstodosomethingaboutthesignalsthataresentandreceived.[B]Recognitionofbodylanguagealsohelpstounderstandourownfeelings.Ifwefeelirritatedbysomeone,coulditbebecausetheyareleaningbackintheirchair,withheadslightlytiltedback(lookingdowntheirnosesatus),perhapswithhandstogethermakingashapelikeachurchsteeple,orwithhandsbehindtheirhead?Wemaybothbestandingupandtheotherpersonisholdingtheirjacketlapels,wagglingtheirthumbsatus.Theseareallgesturesofsuperiorityandmightexplainourannoyance.Understandingthis,wemaybeabletohandleitbetter.[C]Ifwecaninterpretthisinvoluntarycommentarythenournegotiatingpositionwillbestronger.Wecouldrecognizealie,whetherourargumentswerebeingacceptedorwhethertheotherpartywasunreceptiveandadjustourbehaviouraccordingly.[D]Manystudiesclaimtoshowthatover50percentofthemessagesweconveyarethroughgesture,expressionandposture.Thisisinadditiontothemessagesconveyedthroughtoneofvoice.Whetheritbebangingthetablewithourfists,directinganangrystareorlookingpuzzled,itishardtodenytheimportanceofthissideofcommunication.Theastutedealerisalwaysalivetobodylanguagebutdon'tconcentratesomuchonitthatyoudon'tpayattentiontowhatisactuallysaid.[E]Signalsdon'tappearsinglybutinclustersofseveralthatreinforceeachother.Don'trelyuponjustonegesturethatmaybemisinterpretedbuttakethewiderevidenceavailable.Wefrequentlysaythingswedon'tmeanandmeanthingswedon'tsay.Howeasyitistoimplythingswedon'tmean!Interpretationofthe"sub-text"ofcommunicationisinaccurate.Don'trelyuponwhatyouthinkisgoingonunderthesurfacewithoutcheckingyouinterpretation.[F]Someexpressionsandgesturesareparticulartospecificcultures,whileothersarecommontotheentirehumanrace,suchassmilingorthebaredteethofanger.Asmilecanbefaked,itcanmaskangerandaggression.However,thewaywestandandwhatwedowithourhandsishardertocontrol.Thereisanotherlayerofbodysignals,ofgreatersubtlety,suchasthenarrowingofeyes,theshapeofthesmileandeventhecontractionofthepupilsoftheeye,whichmayalsobetraytherealfeelingsofthesmilingnegotiator.Mostofthosegesturesareuniversal.[G]Typically,someonewhoislyingwillavoidyoureyeandmaylookdownwards.Theymaytouchtheirfacesaroundthemouthandhavethepalmsoftheirhandshiddenfromyou.Theotherpartymayadoptatoneofvoiceofgreatsincerityandlookyousteadilyintheeyeinordertoreinforcethedeceptionoftheirwords.Ifyoulookawayfromthatgazeyoumayseesignalstheyareunabletocontrol,whichgivethegameaway.[H]Weallrecognizealotunconsciously,whichishowwegetafeelingthatsomeoneislyingorthattheyarebored.Inlying,people'sexpressions,posturesandgesturesconveycontrarymessagestotheirwordsandweintuitivelyrecognizethedisparity.Tonegotiatemoreeffectively,besensitivetothesesignals,whetherbypayingmoreattentiontoyourfeelingsorbyconsciouslyobservingandthinkingaboutthegesturesandexpressionswesee.Order:

填空题 心脏活动的正常起搏点在（ ）。

填空题呼吸的生理意义主要是维持内环境中______和______含量的相对稳定。

填空题肺出血性梗死区常位于______，尤以______多见。

填空题胃溃疡病的并发症有______、______、______、______。

填空题 神经调节的基本方式是________，其结构基础为________，调节特点是________。

填空题 形成条件反射的基本条件就是（ ）与（ ）在时间上的结合，这个过程称为（ ）。

填空题细胞外液主要包括______和______。

填空题一般情况下，机体所需要的能量70/%由______分解提供，其余由______提供。

填空题测定血浆清除率不仅可以了解______的功能，还可以测定______、______和推测肾小管的______功能。

填空题慢性子宫颈炎的类型有：______、______、______和______。

填空题 人的视网膜上有两种感光细胞，即①（ ）细胞和②（ ）细胞。前者主要分布在视网膜的③（ ），后者分布在视网膜的④（ ）。

填空题 视杆细胞的感受器电位是一种（ ）型的电位变化。

填空题 老年人衰老首先表现在（ ）系统与（ ）系统，最终导致整个机体衰老至死亡。