填空题中心静脉压的高低取决于______和______之间的相互关系。

填空题在我国引起门脉性肝硬化的主要原因是______，引起坏死后性肝硬化的主要原因是______。

填空题肾小球有效滤过压=______-(______+______)。

填空题在妊娠8～10周以前，妊娠的维持主要靠胎盘分泌的______，而妊娠8～10周以后则主要是靠胎盘分泌的______和______。

填空题 一昼夜中体温最低的时候是____________时，最高的时候是____________时。

填空题 神经垂体激素包括（ ）和（ ）两种，它们产生于下丘脑的（ ） 核和（ ）核的神经元。

填空题[A] What have they found? [B] Is it true that laughing can make us healthier? [C] So why do people laugh so much? [D] What makes you laugh?[E] How did you come to research it?[F] So what's it for? Why are you interested in laughter? It's a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There's so much we don' t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter.41. ______ Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response to humour. Most of the time it's a message we send to other people--communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It's also involved in events such as release of fear.42. ______ My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone,, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another--real rough-and-tumble--and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough-and-tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter.43. ______ Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species.44. ______ The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occi15ital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain's frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson' s disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can't laugh.45. ______ I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they're so natural. I'm sure they're not forcing anything funny to happen. I don't particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter re-ally creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

填空题肾小管和集合管有分泌______、______和______的作用。

填空题神经系统可以通过释放______，或通过______而影响免疫功能。可见神经、内分泌和免疫功能之间有______关系。

填空题门脉高压症临床表现______、______、______、______。

填空题肾病综合征包括______、______、______、______。

填空题神经元按其机能的不同可分为______、______和______三种。

填空题食管癌、胃癌、大肠癌的好发部位分别是______、______、______。

填空题当肺泡表面活性物质减少时，肺泡弹性阻力______，肺顺应性______。

填空题体液约占体重的______/%，其中细胞内液约占体重的______/%，细胞外液约占体重的______/%，血浆约占体重的______/%。

填空题 刺激抗利尿激素释放的有效刺激是（ ）和（ ）。

填空题 内质网分为（ ）和（ ）。

填空题 一般应根据（ ）的用药时间来决定动物毒性实验周期，动物实验连续给药期必须是临床实验给药期的（ ）倍。

填空题[A] Advertisements add interests to life [B] Advertisements help to save money [C] Criticisms on advertisers [D] Usefulness of small advertisements [E] True aesthetic value of advertisement [F] Informing: the chief function of advertising 41__________ Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they're always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to throw around. "It's iniquitous," they say, "that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies are making. Why don't they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it's the consumer who pay..." 42__________ The poor old consumer! He'd have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn't create mass markets for products. It is precisely because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives largely from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. , from an advertisement. 43__________ Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too! Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. 44__________ We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! 45__________ Another thing we mustn't forget is the "small ads." which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For instance, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the "hatch, match and dispatch" columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or "agony" column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It's the best advertisement for advertising there is !

填空题自主神经系统由______和______两部分组成，其功能在于调节______肌、______肌和腺体的活动。