填空题 皮癌手术治疗一般都应包括一定范围的瘤周正常皮肤，在_______癌为0．5～1．0cm，_______癌为1．0～2．0cm．

填空题 结石引起’肾绞痛时，注射_____、_____、_____等药物，可以使症状缓解。

填空题[A] Extensive applications of haptic technology. [B] Possibilities rendered by haptic mechanisms. [C] The feasibility of extending our senses and exploring abstract universes. [D] An example of the progress in science of haptics. [E] Bringing the potential of our senses into full play. [F] Will haptics step into a bright future? "OOOF!" Using your mouse, you heave a data file across the screen--a couple of gigabytes of data weigh a lot. Its rough surface tells you that it is a graphics file. Having tipped this huge pile of data into a hopper that sends it to the right program, you examine a screen image of the forest trail you'll be hiking on your vacation. Then, using a gloved hand, you master its details by running your fingers over its forks and bends, its sharp rises and falls. Later you send an E-mail to your beloved, bending to the deskpad to attach a kiss. 41. __________. The science of haptics (from the Greek haptesthai, "to touch") is making these fantasies real. A few primitive devices are extending human-machine communication beyond vision and sound. Haptic joysticks and steering wheels for computer games are already giving happy players some of the sensations of piloting a spaceship, driving a racing car or firing weapons. In time, haptic interfaces may allow us to manipulate single molecules, feel clouds and galaxies, even reach into higher dimensions to grasp the subtle structures of mathematics. 42. __________. Most of our senses tire passive. In hearing and vision, for example, the sound or light is simply received and analyzed. But touch is different: we actively explore and alter reality with our hands, so the same action that gathers information can also change the world--to model a piece of clay or press a button, for example. In providing direct contact between people, touch carries emotional impact. And in providing direct contact with the world, it is the sure sign of reality, as in "pinch me--am I dreaming?" 43. __________. Some small steps have even been taken towards whole-body haptics. Touch Technology of Nova Scotia, Canada, has built a haptic chair. It looks like a full-length lounge chair in a family den, but its surface is studded with 72 "tactors" -pneumatic piston rods, covered with rounded buttons, that can extend about an inch, and can be driven under computer control in any desired sequence and pattern. It could be programmed to imitate a real massage or to function in time to music. According to the manufacturer, that provides a powerful blending of sen-sations--a long-term goal of virtual reality. 44. __________. Even at its present crude level, however, haptics can make tangible what once could not be touched or even pictured. To investigate the world of the very small, researchers at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, have developed the nanoManipulator. This adds touch to the technique of scanning probe microscopy, which can image a single atom by monitoring either the electrical current flowing between an extremely fine probe and a surface or the force between them. With the nanoManipulator, researchers can see and manipulate a universe a million times smaller than their own, to study viruses and tiny semiconducting devices. If the force feedback can be made sensitive enough, it may be possible to push molecular keys into specific molecular locks, to custom-design drugs or assemble silicon parts into intricate nanomachines. With other interfaces, there is no reason we shouldn't also be able to touch the very large-clouds, ocean currents, mantle flows, mountains, galaxy clusters. Or the very strong--with a suitable force scaling, new ceramics or alloys could be squeezed and twanged to test their engineering properties. Or the physically extreme and inaccessible--such as ultra hot plasma flows in fusion machines. 45. __________. Haptic technology could even make abstract ideas tangible. Many scientific concepts occupy spaces of more than three dimensions, string theory, for' example, asserts that we live in a 10 or 11-dimensional Universe. As it is impossible to visualise such a space, we explore these ideas' through mathematical expressions or two dimensional sketches on paper. But probing these unfamiliar geometries with touch may be more effective. And for blind people, haptics offers a new way to grasp information even in three dimensions. A group at the University of Delaware has developed an environment where a person can feel a mathematical function. Using a PHAN-TOM, the user "walks" along the surface of the figure. Like a hiker following mountainous terrain, the user feels where the function is steep, where it is level, and where its peaks and valleys lie. Other haptic systems could help blind people to browse the Internet, feeling images as well as words. The future of haptics is bright, but the only sensual relationship it will be sustaining any time soon is between you and your computer.

填空题 在组织配型的试验中最可靠的是_____。

填空题 先天性髋关节脱位的治疗方法：1岁以内使用______法，1～3岁的患儿仍可使用______和______法，4岁以上应采用______法。

填空题 肾血管性高自．压是肾动脉有_____病变，并引起_____减少和_____。导致高血压。

填空题 肘部瘢痕组织切除游离植皮挛缩时间较长者，切除瘢痕时，可同时将_______切开，使_______充分松解，固定包扎，可置于_______位。

填空题 小脑幕切迹疝又称_______疝，为颞叶的海马回钩回通过小脑幕切迹被推移至幕下。

填空题 睾丸的位置异常不仅影响________，而且易发生________。

填空题 在非功能部位的小面积凹陷骨折，无颅内压增高，深度超过_______者，为相Xd手术适应证，可考虑择期手术。

填空题 食管想室分为_______型和________型两种，_______称真性想室，________称假性想室。

填空题 治疗烧伤有效的外用药有_______,_______。

填空题Though hardly as unwelcome as death or taxes, college entrance exams are just as inevitable and almost as dreaded by high school students. As the testing dates loom for juniors and seniors for the SAT (formerly called the Scholastic Assessment Test) and the American College Test, or ACT, most students are looking for an edge, any edge, in the competition. And as the number of homes with computers continues to rise, test publishers and software developers have been quick to recognize a growing niche. With the market for test preparation materials at all levels estimated at $540 million annually, they have jumped on the tech bandwagon to produce computerized tutorials that promise to boost scores. (41) " We believe that it's important for a student to be prepared to take the tests, " notes Don Powers, a research scientist at the Educational Testing Service in Princeton, N. J. , the organization that administers the SAT for the College Board. " It's important to know how to take the test so that you won't get a score that's lower than you deserve. " But, he adds, " none of the rigorous scientific evidence that we have seen supports these promises" to raise test scores. (42)Several points, however, do weigh in favor of software as opposed to traditional test-preparation. Cost is a big one. (43)Convenience is another, as the College Board points out in touting its new sofware. A few points to remember when evaluating various test-prep software packages: (44)The exams, though they may seem mystical to the test taker, are not magic and certainly not random. There is little variation in the strategies the programs use to boost test scores because there is little variation in how the test are developed. Largely, what differentiates one program from another is the computer interface, which can make the software more—or less—user-friendly, and such features as automated tracking of student progress. (45)A crash course with test prep software is never an alternative to careful, long-term preparation for taking the exams. Some students are better equipped to respond to the self-paced, self-motivated approach software offers than others, Powers notes. Although parents may be in the market for what they consider " serious " study aids, their children, who are the ones taking the tests, may appreciate the programs that offer a little humor. Finally, as programs frequently point out, the SAT and ACT, while important to college admissions officers, are only one element of a successful college application. [A] A test prep course with a live instructor can cost as much as $700. Test-prep software costs $30 to $80. [B] Most of the programs, in fact, emphasize the importance of " guessing strategies " and eliminating unlikely answers to improve scores. Many students often succeed in exams in this way. [C] Unlike many programs, this one can give you a quick, easy and comfortable way to achieve a high score. Such programs can turn your dream passing exams into reality. [D] " I would rather use the program than take a preparation course, because I could do this on my own time and in my own home, " notes one student in the College Board materials. [E] Although at least one of the test programs asks you how long you have to prepare to take the examination in order to customize the learning curve, all recommend spending a period of weeks, not hours, using the software. [F] But though many programs offer money-back guarantees, professional test writers tend to scoff at those claims. In their mind, such programs overemphasize its functions. [G] SAT and ACT is popular with the international students, especially Asian students. Many Asian students chase their dream through SAT and ACT.

填空题 女性乳房的外形有_______、_______、_______和_______。

填空题 确诊急性脓胸的最好方法是（ ）。

填空题 典型的腹外疝由_______、_______和_______等组织组成。

填空题 膈下脓肿常用的手术切开引流途径有（ ）和（ ）两种。

填空题 鞘膜积液分为____________、_____________、___________________、____________四大类型。

填空题 弹响指(如图)是指手指的_______。

填空题 急性腹膜炎发生严重休克的原因是________和________。