填空题并非只要加强顶层设计就否定摸着石头过河的等值判断是________

填空题 在谓词自然推理过程中，只要（ ）就能利用命题推理规则，（ ）就能还原为谓词公式。

填空题“并非今天可能下雨，也不是今天一定不下雨”，这段议论违反了_______的要求，犯了_______的逻辑错误。

填空题 永真式又叫（ ），这种逻辑形式无论变项取何值，它都是真的。

填空题从思维进程来看，类比推理是________的推理。

填空题间接论证是通过与论题具有_______关系的反论题的_______，并根据_______，确定论题为_______的论证方法。

填空题根据反驳中所用的推理形式来划分，其反驳方式有_______、_______、_______；根据被反驳的论题和反驳的论据的关系来划分，反驳方法有_______、_______两种。按被反驳的对象划分，有_______、_______、_______。

填空题普通逻辑是研究思维的________及其基本规律和简单逻辑方法的科学。

填空题 归谬赋值法是一种（ ）的方法。

填空题自身中包含有其他判断的判断叫做________

填空题[A] Communication makes both party know more about each other which make an agreement. [B] The argument itself can not expand knowledge. [C] Reasonable debate plays a postive role in knowledge adrances [D] A basic common knowledge mabe contribution to the argument from which people learn something. [E] Generally, knowledge is gained by argument. [F] Learning can be interrupted by the argument. Do we learn more from people whose views we share in common than from those whose ideas contradictors? The speaker claims so, for the reason that disagreement can cause stress and inhabit learning. I concede that undue discord can impede learning. Otherwise, in my view we learn far from discourse and debate with those whose ideas we oppose than from people whose ideas are in accord with our own. 41.______ Admittedly, under some circumstances disagreement with others can be counterproductive to learning. For supporting examples, one need look no further than a television set. On today's typical television or radio talk show, disagreement usually manifests itself in meaningless rhetorical bouts and shouting matches, during which opponents vie to have their own message heard, but have little interest either in finding any common ground with or in acknowledging the merits of the opponent's viewpoint. Understandably, neither the combatants nor the viewers learn anything meaningful. In fact, these battles only serve to reinforce the predispositions and biases of all concerned. The end result is that learning is impeded. 42.______ Disagreement can also inhibit learning when two opponents disagree on fundamental assumptions needed for meaningful discourse and debate. For example, a student of paleontology learns little about the evolution of an animal species under current study by debating with an individual whose religious belief system precludes the possibility of evolution to begin with. And, economics and finance students learn little about the dynamics of a laissez-faire system by debating with a socialist whose view is that a centralized power should control all economic activity. 43.______ Aside from the foregoing two provisions, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker's claim. Assuming common ground between two rational and reasonable opponents willing to debate on intellectual merits, both opponents stand to gain much from that debate. Indeed it is primarily through such debate that human knowledge advances, whether at the personal, community, or global level. 44.______ At the personal level, by listening to their parents' rationale for their seemingly oppressive rules and policies, teenagers can learn how certain behaviors naturally carry certain undesirable consequences. At the same time, by listening to their teenagers concerns about autonomy and about peer pressures parents can learn the valuable lesson that effective parenting and control are two different things. At the community level, through dispassionate dialogue an environmental activist can come to understand the legitimate economic concerns of those whose jobs depend on the continued profitable operation of a factory. Conversely, the latter might stand to learn much about the potential public-health price to be paid by ensuring job growth and a low unemployment rate. Finally, at the global level , two nations with opposing political or economic interests can reach mutually beneficial agreements by striving to understand the other's legitimate concerns for its national security, its political sovereignty, the stability of its economy and currency, and so forth. 45.______ In sum, unless two opponents in a debate are each willing to play on the same field and by the same rules, I concede that disagreement can impede learning. Otherwise, reasoned discourse and debate between people with opposing viewpoints is the very foundation upon which human knowledge advances. Accordingly, on balance the speaker is fundamentally correct.

填空题反证法是先论证与原论题相矛盾的命题为假，然后根据_______律确定原论题为真的论证方法。

填空题假言命题又称_______，它是反映某事物情况是另一事物情况的存在条件的命题。充分条件假言命题的基本特性是：_______。必要条件假言命题的基本特性是：_______。充分必要条件假言命题的基本特征是：_______。

填空题不矛盾律和排中律都适用于_______命题，都排斥思维中的_______。前者还适用于_______命题，后者还适用于_______命题。

填空题_______就是反映若干对象情况至少有一种情况存在或只能有一种情况存在的命题。这种命题所反映的对象情况之间具有选择关系。这种选择关系，在现代逻辑中称之为“_______”。

填空题不矛盾律和排中律的区别是_______、_______、_______、_______。

填空题验证假说，主要应用_______和_______，这是一个复杂的过程，常常不是一次可以完成的。

填空题 隐涵语用推理就是把（ ）推导出来的语用推理。

填空题违反论据规则的常见错误有_______、_______、_______。

填空题必然 P和可能非 P之间的真假关系是________