问答题在“物质是不依赖于人的意识并能为人的意识所反映的客观存在”这句话中，对“物质”这一概念能否进行概括?为什么?

问答题1“矛盾是旧形式与新内容之间的斗争。”该句作为定义是否正确?请说明理由。 2“微机可分为台式微机、便携式微机、办公用微机和家用微机。”该句作为划分是否正确?请说明理由。

问答题“若SAP真，则SEP假；SEP假；所以，SAP真”。这是何种推理?其推理公式是什么?是否有效?为什么?

问答题请构造一个相反的二难推理，来破斥下列二难推理。 如果有朋友来访，那么会由于交谈而耽误时间，从而写不出文章来；如果没有朋友来访，那么会由于孤独而思想僵化，从而也写不出文章来；或者有朋友来访，或者没有朋友来访，总之，都写不出文章来。

问答题已知某有效三段论的小前提是否定命题，试证：该三段论的大前提只能是全称肯定命题。

问答题请分析下列事例中包含的推理，并写出其过程和公式。 1某炼钢厂的科技人员和工人从实践中摸索出，要提高转炉的炉龄，关键是延长炉衬的寿命。怎样才能延长转炉炉衬的寿命呢?炼钢工人从衣服怎样才能耐穿这个普通的生活常识中得到启发，他们想，转炉的炉衬就像人的衣服，一件衣服若布料结实，做工精细，穿着经心，就能经久耐穿；同样，转炉炉衬砖的质量高，炉衬砌砖时砌得仔细，冶炼过程中注意维护炉衬，那炉衬的寿命就可能延长。科

问答题请指出下面这段话中运用了哪些明确概念的逻辑方法： 我在这里要批判一种“主义”，这种主义叫做个人主义。它属于资产阶级思想。所谓个人主义，就是一切从个人出发，把个人利益放在集体利益之上，只顾自己、不顾别人的错误思想。个人主义的表现形式是多种多样的，其中包括个人英雄主义、自由主义、宗派主义等。

问答题某部侦察连长接到一项紧急任务，要他在代号A、B、C、D、E五个侦察员中挑选两个深入敌区，人选的配备须注意以下几点： 1如果B不去，则A也不能去； 2只有当C去时，B才能跟着去； 3若D去，则E也去； 4A去或D去。 问：侦察连长应挑选哪两个人深入敌区?请写出推导过程。

问答题甲：我班考试成绩的情况是，有些同学及格。 乙：有些不及格。 丙：不及格的是张三。 成绩公布后，三人中只有一人的估计是真的。 请问：该班有多少同学的成绩是及格的?

问答题有一个工业公司，组织它下属的甲、乙、丙三个工厂联合试制一项新产品。关于新产品生产出来后的鉴定办法，在合同中作了如下规定： ①如果乙工厂不参加鉴定，那么甲工厂也不参加。 ②如果乙工厂参加鉴定，那么甲工厂和丙工厂也要参加。 问：当甲工厂参加鉴定时，丙工厂是否参加?为什么?

问答题Directions: You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgot to re- turn to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to 1) make an apology, and 2) suggest a solution. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

问答题1请将“没有一个自学成才者不是经过刻苦努力的”换质位，写出换质位的公式和换质位后的结论。 2找出能反驳“所有的被告都是有罪的”的判断，并指出为什么能反驳。

问答题甲、乙、丙、丁争夺一名围棋比赛冠军。已知下列A、B、C三种说法中，有且只有一种说法正确。问：谁夺得冠军?请写出推导过程。 A．冠军或是甲或是乙。 B．如果冠军不是丙，那么冠军也不是丁。 C．冠军不是甲。

问答题大前提为I判断，小前提为E判断，不能构成一个有效的三段论。

问答题指出下列语句表达何种模态命题并写出公式。 1真理必然战胜谬论。 2破坏生态平衡要受到自然的惩罚是必然的。 3搞阴谋诡计的人必然没有好下场。 4神农架可能有野人。 5飞碟可能是宇宙飞行物。 6太阳系存在第十个行星是可能的。 7飞碟可能不是宇宙人发射的。

问答题What is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that luck has a role to play in the good life, but to what extent does luck effect the good life? If the good life is dependent on external factors, then it would appear that it could not be considered self-sufficient. However, Aristotle argues that the good life is self-sufficient, but communally self-sufficient. Why does Aristotle argue for what appears to be a contradiction in terms? (46)It is contended that luck's effect on the good life was much greater than Aristotle was prepared to acknowledge and that as a result of the good life being dependent on luck, the good life cannot be considered self sufficient. Aristotle believed that the good for humans would be the maximum realization of the function that was unique to humans. Since reason was understood by Aristotle to be the unique quality that humans possessed, it followed that the good for humans was to reason well. (47)Since part of the task of reason was to teach human beings how to act virtuously, the good for humans was the exercise of their faculties in accordance with virtue. The good life, then, was defined by Aristotle as the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. (48)The circumstances that make it likely or unlikely that a person will lead the good life are external and not of one's own choosing, and are, therefore, dependent on luck. Why not, it might be postulated, limit luck's effects, specifically narrowing the scope of what constitutes the elements of the good life so as to limit, while not eliminating luck's role? (49) Aristotle held that even if one could be viewed as leading the good life, should one experience any adverse circumstances such as illness, bereavement or isolation, then one could no longer be considered to be leading the good life. "For many reversals and all sorts of luck come about in the course of a life; and it is possible for the person who was most especially doing well to encounter great calamities in old age, as in the stories told about Priam in the Trojan war. But when a person has such misfortunes and ends in a wretched condition, nobody says that he is living well. " Aristotle had argued that limiting the scope of luck's effect on the good life would render life meaningless, yet is this not what is happening here? (50)Knowing that as one ages the probability of experiencing misfortune is heightened, and still maintaining that this is a yardstick by which to measure whether one can be considered to be leading the good life, severely limits the chances of anyone attaining the good life. Limiting the scope of the external factors that affected the good life would render the good life too limiting, according to Aristotle; yet Aristotle has placed such severe limitations on the criteria that needs to be met in order to lead the good life that the probability of anyone ever leading the good life are practically non-existent.

问答题请用欧拉图表示直言三段论的公理。

问答题结合以下实例，对假说发展的三个阶段进行逻辑分析。 1968年冬，解放军某部驻地发生流行性感冒，卫生科用乳酸消毒，制止了疾病的蔓延，但费用太大，于是想找一个既省钱又简便的消毒方法。他们开始走访当地群众和中医。一位老工人说：“醋酸味挺浓，是不是可以防治感冒?”他们由此联想到，乳酸和醋酸都是弱酸，有一定的共性。又想到，为什么蛆能在酱油里生长，而不能在醋里生长?为什么蛔虫钻进胆道后，喝了醋就能退回去?为什

问答题已知以下命题为真，请根据对当关系，说明与其素材相同的其他三个命题的真假。 人的正确思想不是从天上掉下来的。

问答题下列语句是否表达命题?为什么? 1墨迹岂能掩盖血迹? 2啊，新星！